Hispanic Culture

Since 1970, United States of America has seen a lot of movement due to financial confusion and common wars in Latin American nations. The battle between the administration of El Salvador and radical guerrillas in 1980 achieved 500,000 migrants to United States. They settled principally in California, Florida, Massachusetts, and Washington, D. C. The common war in Nicaragua in the year 1980 drove an expected 800,000 Nicaraguan workers to the United States Mexican Americans are the most predominant Hispanic gathering inside the United States. Their history can be dated to four centuries inside America, differentiating in various locales. In States like California, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Nevada have incredible measures of Mexican Americans. (Mexican Americans, 2007). The majority of Mexican Americans living in the United states banter in their own local language. Spanish is typically the singular language that they use . Be that as it may, english is the all around unlimited language in the general network. The same number of ages have passed, another verbal correspondence has risen, called Spanglish, which is a mix of both Spanish and American. America has consistently been cruel on Mexican Americans. Mexican Americans made some hard memories hoisting their money related and economic wellbeing in this nation, as they were decided by the shade of their skin. The Chicano Movement changed the lives of Mexican Americans’ in the United States. This development protected these individuals in the economy with social liberties and monetary chance. Critical number of Mexican Americans are Roman Catholic. Their strict convictions impact their observations on different parts of their life, remembering view for sex, training, and legislative issues. Puerto Ricans are the second biggest gatherings of Hispanics . they dwell in huge numbers in New Jersey and New York. Puerto Ricans are not viewed as outside workers, since they are in fact American residents (Puerto Rican, 2008). Puerto Ricans don't have a â€Å"proper language†. They use Castilian Spanish. They vary from other Spanish-talking bunches in the manner the articulate. These individuals are for the most part racially and ethnically various, and perceive racial difference among themselves. They by and large call themselves as â€Å"Negro†. Most Puerto Ricans are qualified for benefits in America, since Puerto Rico is a United States district. In any case, many feel that as they are qualified for benefits in government assistance programs, it keeps them inside a pattern of destitution. Everybody that isn't profited will in general work in the ventures around New York and New Jersey. Puerto Ricans are commonly Roman Catholic. In any case, lately, it is accounted for that solitary 70% of the individuals view themselves as Catholic, while most of the rest of the gathering see themselves as Protestant. Customarily, fathers and spouses are viewed as the leader of the families. Children assume the liability of dealing with the â€Å"womenfolk†, exceptionally their more youthful sisters. They for the most part have more distant families. Cuban Americans are the third biggest gathering of Hispanics inside the United States. The greater part of the Cuban Americans were initially conceived in Cuba, yet moved to United states because of Fidel Castro’s socialist autocracy (Cuban Americans, 2008). The more established ages of the general public keep on carrying on their unmistakable language of Cuban, however it is the more youthful ages who have begun to pick an alternate way. The new age wants to impart in English than Cuban. Enormous people group of Cuban Americans can be found in New York City, northern New Jersey, Los Angeles and southern Florida. Most Cuban Americans are effective in these networks, since they back other people who share their social foundations. The new age are rethinking themselves as the more seasoned ages are dying; some looking for recognize from their way of life, while numerous others separation themselves from their ethnicity foundations. It has been discovered that out of each 14 Cuban Americans in Southern Florida having innovative business these individuals have the most elevated pioneering rate among all other Hispanic gatherings. Numerous Cuban Americans live in little networks of Cuban drop. So they don’t feel the need to leave their locale. In this way, a higher pace of business proprietorship exists. Cuban Americans had a lively job in reclassifying the American Political scene. The greater part of the Cubans are against Fidel Castro’s Communist government. So any developments or arrangements that are against his administration are bolstered exceptionally among the Cuban American people group. Likewise any Cuban-related approaches inside the enactment of the United States are essentially impacted by Cuban Americans (Roots of, 2008). The majority of the Cubans are commonly Roman Catholics; anyway this pattern has been significantly altered to â€Å"syncretism† by a colossal measure of help since Catholicism’s early presentation into Cuban’s history. A large portion of the Cuban Americans frequently have more distant families, including guardians and youngsters, and more seasoned family members (the individuals who are bereft or subject to other people). The odds of intermarriage with people out of their ethnicity and culture are low, as this is against their family esteem. Dominican Americans structure a more up to date national network in America. They are still during the time spent making a one of a kind air and spot for themselves among both the American culture and Hispanic gatherings (Dominican American, 2008). The official language of Dominican Americans is Spanish. Yet, English is likewise prevalently spoken, and even a French vernacular is some of the time heard among the Dominican American culture. The greater part of the Dominicans that come to America face language obstructions, close by with neediness as a significant concern. Presently a days numerous Dominican Americans have climbed from a past migrant status to a traditional status among a typical American culture. Inside the last recent years, the financial status of Dominican Americans has started to differentiate itself, as racial acknowledgment has gotten increasingly satisfactory. This enhancement is among various gatherings of Africans, Hispanics, and American Indians inside the Dominican culture. There are no Dominican part in The U. S. Place of Representatives in spite of the fact that they do exist inside the political scene as board individuals. Dominican Americans have been chosen as authorities in some different states also (Buffington, 2008). A large portion of the Dominican American are Roman Catholics ( a main factual measure of 90%). In any case, a little gathering of Protestants likewise exist inside thei r networks and culture. Be that as it may, considerably littler than this, a little level of African strict convictions also exist inside the general public. Cuban Americans in the New York zone comprise as much as seven percent of the all out populace (Schaefer, 2006). Dominican Americans have been making genuine strides to the advancement of their locale, and simultaneously are expanding their insight base in order to be perceived as a significant social gathering. The new ages of Dominican Americans are as Dominicans as they are Americans, communicating in the two dialects, English and Spanish. Dominicans have succeeded and have made quick accomplishments in all fields of life. (Dr1. com. Dominican Americans). The terms Hispanic or Latino are utilized to depict individuals who originate from a wide range of nations and social settings. These names are given to various ethnic gatherings when they go to the United States. The four significant Hispanic gatherings †Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and Dominican Americans have their own different character. There are additionally numerous likenesses that associates them in semantic, social, political, monetary, and familial classifications. The Spanish language assists with consolidating them together, however there are a few contrasts in lingo. Roman Catholicism is the significant religion followed, yet each gathering additionally rehearses Protestantism and other Christian groups. Puerto Ricans are viewed as lawful residents of the United States of America. The Mexican Americans and others are as yet taking a shot at to get a legitimate status. Hispanics in the United States have contributed altogether to its society’s customs and culture for a long time. These commitments go from legislative issues, open assistance, military, business, science, sorted out games to even media outlets. Their effect on the general public can be seen just in the event that we investigate. It is very astonishing the same number of students of history have not recognized Hispanics’ sway on history, as they are similarly as mind boggling inside America’s history as some other race or nationality (Contributions of,2008) References Cuban Americans (2008). Wiki. Recovered January 14, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_American Mexican Americans (2008). Wiki. Recovered January 14, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican-Americans Puerto Ricans (2008). Wiki. Recovered January 14, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican Americans of Hispanic Heritage Web website: http://www.neta.com/~1stbooks/dod2.htm (2008) Cuban Americans. Recovered June 23, 2008, from MSN Encarta Web website: Buffington, S. (2008) Dominican Americans. Recovered June 23, 2008, from Every Culture Web website: http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Bu-Dr/Dominican-Americans.html Hispanic Culture Eemah Pizza Mrs. Katherine Miracle Introduction to Public Speaking 18 February 2013 Outline for Speech The Hispanic Culture affecting The American Culture Specific Purpose: I need my crowd to have a superior information on The Hispanic Culture; how it contrasts from The American Culture and impacts it too. Postulation: While Hispanics may not appear to be imperative to society, Americans ought to find out about their way of life. Presentation Attention Getting Device: * â€Å"Strangers in another culture see just what they know. † - Unknown Credibility:I came her

The novel Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk Essay Example for Free

The epic Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk Essay The epic Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk is a Generation X great, so it bodes well that the movie got one as well.â Starring Edward Norton and Brad Pitt as the different sides of a similar cerebrum, chief David Fincher investigates the uncontrolled consumerist world that empties the mankind out of its casualties and replaces them with mechanical automatons.â The manner in which the characters in the film manage this issue, other than going insane, is through savage encounter with one another, trying to cleanse their evil presences and purify their spirits. As opposed to only a smooth film about a brutal subculture, Fight Club is the interrelated evaluate of free enterprise and its dehumanizing effects.â The focal heroes in the film, Jack and Tyler, speak to two restricting perspectives on commercialization. Jack is illustrative of an age of men sentenced to corporate toadyism, with passionate lives and ventures intervened through the appeal of items and goods.â No longer a maker of merchandise, Jack epitomizes a type of tamed lack of involvement, distanced, and without ambition.â On the other hand, Tyler speaks to an encapsulated opportunity that rejects the enticements of commercialization, while fetishizing independent creation from cleansers to explosivesthe extreme negative articulation of which is tumult and demolition, the two results generally private enterprise (Giroux 12). Industrialism in Fight Club is reprimanded principally as an ideological power and existential experience that debilitates and tames men, denying them of their essential job as makers and consigning them to minor devices of powers that control them.â The significance of this isn't lost on chief David Fincher, yet the executive is less keen on battling severe types of intensity than he is in investigating the manners by which men respect it. Opportunity in Fight Club isn't just distracted with the de-politicized self, it additionally comes up short on a language for making an interpretation of private difficulties into open fury, and as such capitulates to the religion of prompt sensations where opportunity declines into aggregate impotence.â Moreover, industrialism, for David Fincher, can just capacity with the libidinal economy of restraint, especially as it rearticulates the male body away from the instinctive encounters of torment, compulsion, and brutality to the more â€Å"feminized† thoughts of sympathy, empathy, and trust.â Hence, manliness is characterized contrary to both womanliness and commercialization while at the same time declining to take up either in a persuasive and basic manner. When not offering a political expression, Fight Club works less as an investigate of private enterprise than as a resistance of dictator manliness married to the promptness of delight continued through brutality and abuse.â Survival of the fittest turns into the clarion call for legitimating dehumanizing types of viciousness as a wellspring of joy and sociality. Delight in this setting has little to do with equity, uniformity, and opportunity than with hyper methods of rivalry intervened through the dream of violence.â More explicitly, this specific rendering of joy is predicated on legitimating the connection among mistreatment and sexism, and manliness picks up its power through a festival of both mercilessness and the denigration of the feminine.â Fight Club’s vision of freedom and governmental issues depends on gendered and chauvinist pecking orders that stream legitimately from the purchaser culture it professes to censure. The counter consumerist topic and savage idealism of the film is portrayed by New York Times pundit Janet Maslin who says: â€Å"Fight Club watches this type of idealism transform into something substantially more dangerous.â Tyler some way or another forms a scaffold from the counter realist talk of the 1960s†¦into the sort of paramilitary dream venture that Ayn Rand may have admired.†Ã¢ The over-the-top dismissal of subjugation to industrialism shows itself in a dim, once in a while silly blow out of brutality. In any case, there is a point to everything and a technique to the franticness †freedom.â a definitive objective of the storyteller, Tyler, Project Mayhem is to free themselves from the obligations of adjustment to a culture they see as shallow and erroneous.â Though this assessment might be shared by numerous Generation X’ers and offspring of the 60s, the strategies utilized in Fight Club are social resistance to the extreme.â The opportunity they accomplish is to a great extent a deception, yet supported in the expressions of Tyler:â â€Å"Its simply after weve lost everything that were allowed to do anything† (Fight Club).â The film takes two hours of distinct, fierce, regularly chauvinist activity to uncover its message of simplicity.â However, a watcher must look past the blood, corrosive consumes, and bone-crunching punches to discover it. Works Cited:  Battle Club. Dir. David Fincher. Perf. Brad Pitt and Edward Norton. 1999. DVD. Twentieth Century Fox, 2000. Giroux, Henry. â€Å"Private Satisfactions and Public Disorders.†Ã¢ Penn State University.â â (July 2000).â February 15, 2006.â http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/courses/ed253a/FightClub Maslin, Janet.â â€Å"Fight Club: Such a Very Long Way From Duvets to Danger.†  The New York Times.â October 15, 1999.â February 15, 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/library/film/101599fight-film-review.html.

Fresh Ink New Book Releases

Fresh Ink New Book Releases HARDCOVER RELEASES  Finding Jake by Bryan Reardon (William Morrow) While his successful wife goes off to her law office each day, Simon Connolly takes care of their kids, Jake and Laney. Now that they are in high school, the angst-ridden father should feel more relaxed, but he doesnt. He’s seen the statistics, read the headlines. And now, his darkest fear is coming true. There has been a shooting at school. Simon races to the rendezvous point, where he’s forced to wait. Do they know who did it? How many victims were there? Why did this happen? One by one, parents are led out of the room to reunite with their children. Their numbers dwindle, until Simon is alone. As his worst nightmare unfolds, and Jake is the only child missing, Simon begins to obsess over the past, searching for answers, for hope, for the memory of the boy he raised, for mistakes he must have made, for the reason everything came to this. Where is Jake? What happened in those final moments? Is it possible he doesn’t really know his son? Or he knows him better than he thought? Brilliantly paced, Finding Jake explores these questions in a tense and emotionally wrenching narrative. Harrowing and heartbreaking, surprisingly healing and redemptive, Finding Jake is a story of faith and conviction, strength, courage, and love that will leave readers questioning their own lives, and those they think they know. Discontent and Its Civilizations: Dispatches from Lahore, New York, and London by Mohsin Hamid (Riverhead Books) Mohsin Hamid’s brilliant, moving, and extraordinarily clever novels have not only made him an international bestseller, they have earned him a reputation as a “master critic of the modern global condition” (Foreign Policy). His stories are at once timeless and of-the-moment, and his themes are universal: love, language, ambition, power, corruption, religion, family, identity. Here he explores this terrain from a different angle in essays that deftly counterpoise the personal and the political, and are shot through with the same passion, imagination, and breathtaking shifts of perspective that gives his fiction its unmistakable electric charge. A “water lily” who has called three countries on three continents his homeâ€"Pakistan, the birthplace to which he returned as a young father; the United States, where he spent his childhood and young adulthood; and Britain, where he married and became a citizenâ€"Hamid writes about overlapping worlds with fluidity and penetrating insight. Whether he is discussing courtship rituals or pop culture, drones or the rhythms of daily life in an extended family compound, he transports us beyond the scarifying headlines of an anxious West and a volatile East, beyond stereotype and assumption, and helps to bring a dazzling diverse global culture within emotional and intellectual reach. The Interstellar Age: Inside the Forty-Year Voyager Mission  by Jim Bell (Dutton Books) The Voyager spacecraft are our farthest-flung emissariesâ€"11.3 billion miles away from the crew who built and still operate them, decades since their launch. Voyager 1 left the solar system in 2012; its sister craft, Voyager 2, will do so in 2015. The fantastic journey began in 1977, before the first episode of Cosmos aired. The mission was planned as a grand tour beyond the moon; beyond Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn; and maybe even into interstellar space. The fact that it actually happened makes this humanity’s greatest space mission. In The Interstellar Age, award-winning planetary scientist Jim Bell reveals what drove and continues to drive the members of this extraordinary team, including Ed Stone, Voyager’s chief scientist and the one-time head of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab; Charley Kohlhase, an orbital dynamics engineer who helped to design many of the critical slingshot maneuvers around planets that enabled the Voyagers to travel so far; and the geologist whose Earth-bound experience would prove of little help in interpreting the strange new landscapes revealed in theVoyagers’ astoundingly clear images of moons and planets. Speeding through space at a mind-bending eleven miles a second, Voyager 1 is now beyond our solar system’s planets. It carries with it artifacts of human civilization. By the time Voyager passes its first star in about 40,000 years, the gold record on the spacecraft, containing various music and images including Chuck Berry’s “Johnny B. Goode,” will still be playable. Dove Arising  by Karen Bao (Viking Books for Young Readers) Rank high, save your familyâ€"lose yourself. Shy but brilliant Phaet (“Fate”) Theta has spent fifteen years living a quiet existence in a lunar colony founded by scientists generations before. But when her mother is imprisoned and accused of treason, Phaet must save her sibilings from a grim orphan’s future by joining the Militia, a league of faceless enforcers. To survive Militia training, Phaet must rely on her wits, resilience, and fierce ambitionâ€"and on Wes, with whom she feels kinship if not exactly trust. But the higher Phaet climbs through the ranks, the more she discovers the world she’s known is a lie. Suspenseful, intelligent, and hauntingly prescient, Dove Arising stands on the shoulders of our greatest tales of the future to tell a story that is all too relevant today. PAPERBACK RELEASES The Sun and Other Stars  by Brigid Pasulka (Simon Schuster) In the seaside village of San Benedetto, twenty-two-year-old Etto finds himself adrift. Within the past year, Etto has not only lost both his twin brother and his mother, but in his grief has become estranged from his father, the local butcher. While his father passes the time with the men of the town in the fine tradition of Italian men everywhereâ€"a reverential obsession with soccerâ€"Etto retreats ever further from his day-to-day life, seeking solace in the hills above the town. But then a Ukrainian soccer star, the great Yuri Fil, sweeps into San Benedetto, taking refuge himself from an international scandal. Soon Yuri and his captivating sister Zhuki invite Etto into their world of sport, celebrity, loyalty, and humor. Under their influence, Etto begins to reconstruct his relationship with his father and, slowly, open himself back up to the world. Who knows: perhaps the game of soccer isn’t just a waste of time, and perhaps San Benedetto, his father, love, and life itself might have more to offer him than he ever believed possible. The Good Girl  by Mary Kubica (Mira) One night, Mia Dennett enters a bar to meet her on-again, off-again boyfriend. But when he doesnt show, she unwisely leaves with an enigmatic stranger. At first Colin Thatcher seems like a safe one-night stand. But following Colin home will turn out to be the worst mistake of Mias life. When Colin decides to hide Mia in a secluded cabin in rural Minnesota instead of delivering her to his employers, Mias mother, Eve, and detective Gabe Hoffman will stop at nothing to find them. But no one could have predicted the emotional entanglements that eventually cause this familys world to shatter. An addictively suspenseful and tautly written thriller, The Good Girl is a propulsive debut that reveals how even in the perfect family, nothing is as it seems. Hollow City: The Second Novel of Miss Peregrines Peculiar Children  by Ransom Riggs (Quirk Books) Miss Peregrine’s Home for Peculiar Children was the surprise best seller of 2011â€"an unprecedented mix of YA fantasy and vintage photography that enthralled readers and critics alike. Publishers Weekly called it “an enjoyable, eccentric read, distinguished by well-developed characters, a believable Welsh setting, and some very creepy monsters.” This second novel begins in 1940, immediately after the first book ended. Having escaped Miss Peregrine’s island by the skin of their teeth, Jacob and his new friends must journey to London, the peculiar capital of the world. Along the way, they encounter new allies, a menagerie of peculiar animals, and other unexpected surprises. Complete with dozens of newly discovered (and thoroughly mesmerizing) vintage photographs, this new adventure will delight readers of all ages. ____________________ Expand your literary horizons with New Books!, a weekly newsletter spotlighting 3-5 exciting new releases, hand-picked by our very own Liberty Hardy. Sign up now!

MP3s Benefit both Consumers and Record Companies Essay

You read the newest interview of your favorite band talking with Rolling Stone. In that interview, they are asked whom they are listening to these days. The answer is not what you expected. The rest of the interview is all about this new band that they are raving about. Who is this new band, and why do they seem so great? You quickly log onto your computer and start downloading a song from this mysterious band. The download completes, and the song is awesome! Now you know why this group is respected musically by the ones you respect in the business. All thanks to the incredible MP3! MP3 is a small compressed format that allows music to be downloaded quickly with very little sacrifice in the sound quality. Moving Picture Experts†¦show more content†¦Most companies now provide a software that allows users to share files. They share by downloading directly off of another users hard drive (Auster). The opposition states that MP3 does not offer copyright protection (Ferranti).Nick Petreley says, I dont want anyone to make money off of my ideas and work unless I give them permission to do so. And if anyone does get my permission, I want a cut. The copyright issue[...]is simple: money. With copyright laws intact, all of this sharing is illegal. The courts think different. The reason Napster was in trouble with copyright laws is because it held a database where the files were stored for users to download from. Other companies, like KaZaA, dont have a database. They just provide the software needed to share files, computer to computer, for users to swap. This is not illegal (Auster). Christopher Knab gives this advice to emerging artists, Hell, give your music away[...]do you want fans or not?! This is another advantage to MP3. New artists can benefit from this free system of getting their music heard. All an inspiring musician needs is an internet connection and the possibilities are unlimited. MP3 opens the door for hard-core music fans. These fans are the ones who are always looking for new artists. They are the first to support them. They buy tickets to their shows, buy their demo at the show, and are always looking forward to when they can hear them next. These select people are theShow MoreRelated MP3 Piracy Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pages amp;#65279;MP3 PIRACY TOPIC PARAGRAPH: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The trading of MP3s or digital music over the Internet is all ways going to be prevalent part of the music industry, and is an unrealistic goal to try to control. The cost of controlling the piracy issues over the Internet would cost record companies more money than what they are losing due to MP3 trading. The record industry is trying to fight the major sites and companies in court with copyright suits. 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Strategic E Business Initiative For Adopting Cloud Computing

DEN Networks is one of the leading cable TV service providers in India. The services offered by the company includes analogue and digital cable TV and broadband services. The main vision of the company is to be the best in the country in terms of customer service and experience. As part of this vision the company has transformed itself to a consumer centric organization with a B2C business model. This report proposes a strategic E-business initiative to adopt cloud computing to host the IT infrastructure of the company. The enterprises today are facing the pressures to consolidate their IT infrastructure and at the same time improve the business agility. Also with the dynamic business environments there is a constant need to innovate to higher standards. Cloud computing is the way forward to a convenient and dynamic shared pool of customisable computing resources. It delivers rapid results with minimal provisioning. The report list out the various tangible and intangible benefits of implementing cloud. It also looks at the risks of implementing the cloud and measures to mitigate these risks. An implementation roadmap to transition to the cloud is outlined. The timeline is estimated based on implementations done by other enterprises. To further reiterate the significance of the proposal, the case study of implementing cloud by Dish TV is presented. Dish TV has benefited immensely by this initiative. DEN Networks having the same line of business and similar organizationShow MoreRelatedChallenges Facing Virginia Rometty And Ibm1070 Words   |  5 Pagesadvantage. With advances in technology, other companies have been able to offer solutions that are much more affordable. The introduction of cloud-based software solutions has caused major disruptions to the client’s core business. 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Virtue in Several Dialogues Free Essays

Plato presents Socrates views on the question whether virtue can be taught in several dialogues, most notably in Protagoras and Meno. In Meno Menon puts the question to Socrates this way: â€Å"Can you tell me, Socrates–can virtue be taught? Or if not, does it come by practice? Or does it come neither by practice nor by teaching, but do people get it by nature, or in some other way?† [35]. Socrates claims to not â€Å"know the least little thing about virtue† and unable to speak as to its qualities. We will write a custom essay sample on Virtue in Several Dialogues or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, he claims to know no one that does. [29]. There follows a discussion as to whether Gorgias, the Sophist, might not be such a person. Both Socrates and Menon know Gorgias’ teaching. Menon obviously has a higher opinion of Gorgias’ teaching than does Socrates. It is agreed, upon Socrates suggestion, that the conversation should proceed to explore what Menon, not Gorgias, knows about virtue. And so Socrates, puts the question to Menon: â€Å"[W]hat do you say virtue is?† [29] Menon finds â€Å"nothing difficult† in the question and attempts, forthwith, to answer it. But there are complications with the answer, for Menon has suggested that men, slaves, children, women all demonstrate a different kind of virtue, and concludes that there is a virtue â€Å"for doing each sort of work† associated with being a slave, a child, a woman, a free man. Menon’s idea of virtue is what we would call role specific. Socrates attempts to show that Menon’s initial answer misses the point because it does not show what is common to the virtues of these various actors. If the virtue of men and women, free men and slaves, does not share something in common then it cannot be said to be the same thing and one would necessarily call the one virtue, and the other something else. As Socrates puts it, â€Å"Even if there are many different kinds of them [virtues], they all have one something, the same in all, which makes them virtues.† [30]. Menon accepts Socrates criticism and argues that it is indeed one thing of which he speaks. In order to determine what the common quality of virtue is, Socrates observes that Menon has associated virtue with the ability to manage public affairs well. Socrates now sets out to question Menon on whether virtue would be present in the management of public affairs in the absence of temperance and justice and Menon readily agrees that it would not. Socrates has already disclaimed any personal knowledge of virtue and he has steered Menon away from a discussion of Gorgias’ view of virtue. But when Menon fails to provide a persuasive account of his conception of virtue, Socrates poses a question with substantive content. Socrates may know nothing about virtue, but he knows enough to ask whether virtue can be present without temperance and justice. The question suggest that it is Socrates rather than Menon who knows enough about virtue to keep the conversation going. Socrates interrupts the dialogue to make a brief statement about the conversation he has been having with Menon. He distinguishes the conversation he is having with Menon from those where the questioner is â€Å"one of those clever fellow, who just chop logic and argue to win.† Questions such as the one that Socrates and Menon are discussing — whether virtue can be taught? — are best left, says Socrates, to â€Å"friends† who wish to talk together. In such a relationship argues Socrates, â€Å"I must answer more gently and more like friends talking together; and perhaps it is more like friends talking together, not only to answer with truth, but to use only what the one who is questioned admits that he knows.† [34] Socrates, in rapport with Menon, tries to clear up a possible confusion as to whether it is possible to seek that which is bad. Socrates suggests, as he does in other dialogues, that we â€Å"all desire good things.† Menon has responded to Socrates question by saying that one can desire bad things. Socrates tries to clarify this point by asking whether one desires that which is bad because of a mistake, that it is assumed to be bad. But Menon does not pick up on the point and contends that one desires the bad both as a result of a misplaced assumption as to its value and we can also desire the bad even when it is known to be bad. But upon further questions, Menon agrees with Socrates that no one seeks to inflict injury and misery upon himself, and it is injury and misery that are the results of that which is bad. Socrates summary of their agreement goes like this: â€Å"Then it is plain that those who desire bad things are those who don’t know what they are, but they desire what they thought were good whereas they really are bad. . . .† [37] Menon has mentioned in passing that virtue consists of the desire of good things and to provide the good. Menon admits that one good thing it is possible to desire is â€Å"to possess gold and silver and public honour and appointments.† [38]. Socrates inquires now whether the virtue of possession of gold and silver must be qualified so that its possession is fair and just. Menon agrees that it is not a virtue to have such possessions if they have been unjustly acquired. On the contrary it would be a vice. â€Å"It is necessary,† Socrates says, â€Å"to add to this getting, justice or temperance or piety or some other bit of virtue, or else it will not be virtue, although it provides good things.† [39] Socrates rebuffs Menon for trying to talk about virtue by looking at it piece by piece and drawing into the discussion a sense of virtue that he has not yet presented. Menon agrees that it is a problem and comments on his reaction to what has gone on: Well now, my dear Socrates, you are just like what I always heard before I met you: always puzzled yourself and puzzling everybody else. And now you seem to me to be a regular wizard, you dose me with drugs and bewitch me with charms and spells, and drown me in puzzledom. I’ll tell you just what you are like, if you will forgive a little jest: your looks and the rest of you are exactly like a flatfish and you sting like this stingray–only go near and touch one of those fish and you go numb, and that is the sort of thing you seem to have done to me. [40] Socrates response to Menon’s description of his puzzlement is that he himself is â€Å"not clear-headed† when he puzzles others, and that he is â€Å"as puzzled as puzzled can be, and thus I make others puzzled too.† [41]. And where can the conversation go from here? Socrates says, that he wishes to investigate virtue with Menon’s help so â€Å"that we may both try to find out what it is.† [41] Socrates argues that there is no such thing as teaching, only remembering. This notion of teaching comes out of Socrates belief in the immortality of the soul. The soul dies but is reborn and thus never destroyed. (This is given by Socrates as a reason for why â€Å"we must live our lives as much as we can in holiness. . . .†) â€Å"Then, since the soul is immortal and often born, having seen what is on earth and what is in the house of Hades, and everything, there is nothing it has not learnt; so there is no wonder it can remember about virtue and other things, because it knew about these before. For since all nature is akin, and the soul has learnt everything, there is nothing to hinder a man, remembering one thing only–which men call learning–from himself finding out all else, if he is brave and does not weary in seeking; for seeking and learning is all remembrance.† [42] After questioning the slave boy about geometry Socrates seeks Menon’s concurrence in the proposition that the boy, shown to have been in error about geometry, is better off now, that he too is numbed but has knowledge about the limits of what he knows. By being numbed by the sting of Socrates’ conversation the slave has come a step â€Å"onwards, as it seems, to find out how he stands.† [29]. Menon answers yes, when Socrates asked: â€Å"Then do you think he would have tried to find out or to learn what he thought he knew, not knowing, until he tumbled into difficulty by thinking he did not know, and longed to know?† Menon agrees, that he does not think he would and thus gains from being numbed. Menon takes up again his original question, whether virtue can be taught, or one gets it by nature or in some other way. Socrates agrees to proceed but contends that they need a common ground as neither of them can say at this point what virtue is. Socrates has Menon agree that if virtue is knowledge then it can be taught, and if not a knowledge then it cannot be taught. (Conclusion: All that is taught call be called knowledge.) How to cite Virtue in Several Dialogues, Essay examples

The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie Essay Paper Example For Students

The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie Essay Paper Muriel Sparks The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie depicts the coming of age of six adolescent girls in Edinburgh, Scotland during the 1930s. The story brings us into the classroom of Miss Jean Brodie, a fascist school teacher at the Marcia Blaine School for Girls, and gives close encounter with the social and political climate in Europe during the era surrounding the second World War. Sparks novel is a narrative relating to us the complexities of politics and of social conformity, as well as of non- conformity. Through looking at the Brodie set and the reciprocities between these students and their teacher, the writer, in this novel, reviews the essence of group dynamics and brings in to focus the adverse effects that the power of authority over the masses can produce. Sparks, in so doing projects her skepticism toward the teachers ideologies. This skepticism is played out through the persona of Sandy Stranger, who becomes the central character in a class of Marcia Blaine school girls. Sandys character is even more focally sculpted than the teachers favored disciples who came to be known as the Brodie Set; a small group of girls favored by Miss Jean Brodie in her Prime. The Brodie Set is a social system and a enigmatic network of social relations that acts to draw the behavior of its members toward the core values of the clique. The teacher Miss Jean Brodie projects upon this impressionable set, her strong fascist opinions. She controls this group on the basis that she is in her prime. Her prime being the point in life when she is at the height of wisdom and insight. Sandy pejoratively uses the personality traits and ideology of Brodie to overthrow her, by unveiling them. Sparks is clearly opposed to the kind of authoritarian power and control that is exercised over the impressionable adolescents by a conniving school teacher. The writer thus uses the pitfalls of social conformity found in classical studies, in order to make specific points. For example, research done by social psychologists Muzafer, Carolyn Sherif and Solomon Asch treated social conformity as an aspect of group dynamics (Coon, 560). This is present in Sparks novel, as seen by the dynamics of the group formed by a teacher named Miss Brodie. Brodies students, like the subjects of the said psychological studies, conform to a set of beliefs under the pressure and power of suggestion despite what could be better judgement. This is shown in the passage when Sandy expresses the desire to be nice to Mary, but decides not to because she knew that such an action would not be in accordance with the Brodie Sets system of behavior (Spark, 46). The narrator says about Sandy: She was even more frightened then, by her temptation to be nice to Mary Macgregor, since by this action she would separate herself, and be lonely, and blameable in a more dreadful way than Mary who, although officially the faulty one, was at least inside Miss Brodies category of heroines in the making. Theorists would say that an individual tends to conform to a unanimous group judgment even when that judgment is obviously in error (Coon, 561). The more eager an individual is to become a member of a group, the more that person tends to orient his or her behavior to the norms of the group (Coon, 561). This eagerness is true of Sandy Stranger. Miss Brodie often makes reference to Sandy overdoing things, or trying to hard. If the Brodie Set must hold their heads high, Sandy held her head the highest (Spark, 35). Miss Brodie warned that One day, Sandy, you will go too far. Also, the more ambiguous the situation, the greater the groups influence on the individual (Coon, 562). When the groups judgment reflects personal or aesthetic preference, however, the individual feels little pressure to conform as is the case with Sparks character, Sandy Stranger. Brodies fascism, born of an authoritarian political movement that developed in Italy and other European countries after 1919 as a reaction against the political and social changes brought about by World War I, is projected in this novel as the unsettling proliferation of socialism and communism in Europe during the 1930s and 1940s. The early Fascist program was a mixture of left and right wing ideas that emphasized intense nationalism, productivism, antisocialism, elitism, and the need for a strong authoritarian leadership (Homans, 451). Essay On Jefferson Essay They express acquiescence to the norms of that group. Sandy rejects homogeneity. Spark, in effect, gives, through her antagonist Sandy, her own ideology as to what knowledge is worth having, and how that knowledge should be acquired and disseminated. Furthermore, we are given insight as to dynamics of how knowledge is verified and acted upon. The novelist approach is less theoretical and more personal. We do not like Miss Brodie for her way of distributing knowledge and exercising power. This is not accidental, but arises from, what seems to be Sparks own theological erudition and personal experiences. Spark, herself, like the character Sandy in her novel, rebels by conversion. Spark converted from Anglican to Roman Catholic during the 1950s, and clearly projects a stance against fascism and its ideals, in life and in her novel(Lodge, 122). There is thus, the divergence of the basic assumptions of the dynamics of social power and knowledge as reflected in the authors life as well as is projected in her novel (Lodge, 122). This approach then takes into account concepts that are not merely theoretical but also personal. There is however personal, some social grouping depicted, that accords with grouping identified by some theorist (Costanzo, 372). In Brodies group we find elements of the two basic kinds of social affiliation that most theorists present, sociality by partial fusion, and sociality by partial opposition (Coon, 563). The us as represented by the Brodie Set and the Other as represented by Sandy and all other Catholics and any not sharing the Brodies views (Coon, 563). There is some evidence to indicate that there is a relationship between self-confidence and resistance to group pressures to conform (Coon, 566). When we analyze the critical episodes in Brodiess dealings with her student we find a troubling endurance of a collective judgement of ideas, that marks the group. Brodie is eccentric in her teaching method and styles as she manipulates the minds and lives of all within the group. Spark thus unveils with careful timing, an epistemological leverage with which Sandy betrays and overthrows the Brodie Set. That Sandy leaves and becomes a nun is ironic since her strategy for preserving individuality may still be lost. The interest of any group is the natural enemy of its members individuality. Sandy must not be concerned only with the loss of individuality, as regards to the Brodie Set, but also with the danger of fascist ideology. Each individuals compliance with a group judgment, is perhaps counter to his or her own judgment, but at this small group level, conformity dispels individual judgement. Sandy projects to us that this kind of social conformity under the pressure of authority, is to be blamed for many social problems and adversities in the individual lives of the Brodie girls, and in society at large. Bibliography 1. Coon, Dennis. Psychology: Exploration and Application. West Publishing Company: 1980. 2. Costanzo, P. Conformity development as a function of self blame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 14; 366-374: 1970. 3. Csikszentmihalyi, M. Larson, R. Being Adolescent. Harper Collins Publisher: 1984. 4. Homans, G.C. Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich: 1961. 5. Lodge, David. The Uses and Abuses of Omniscience: Method and Meaning in Muriel Sparks The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie. Ithaca, Cornell: 1971.