Several interesting facts

Remarkable English poet T. S. Eliot hardly could imagine that his poems for children â€Å"Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats† will be known to millions of inhabitants of different continents as a basis of fantastic by its beauty classical musical â€Å"Cats† (music of well-known composer A. L. Webber).Musical â€Å"Cats† was so successful, that broke all records of theatrical longevity in Broadway and London. For the first time â€Å"Cats† were presented to spectators in New London Theater in West-End (May 11, 1981) and already 8 years later they held the first record: musical became the most â€Å"long-playing† performance in the history of British Theater. Musical is staged in London with unchangeable success after more then 8000 performances.In the long history of Broadway â€Å"Cats† – the only musical which was put on stage with unchangeable success for 18 years. From October 7 1982 this enchanting sight was presented for 7485 times. History of musical strikes with figures: musical was staged for more then 48 million people in 26 countries and 300 cities and profit from musical reached almost 2 milliards dollars.Show was presented at 10 languages, but always by its original name. It is interesting that questioning which made Mexican producers before start of the musical, stated that for spectators of any country word â€Å"Cats† doesn’t need translation. Musical â€Å"Cats† received the most prestigious theatrical awards: Oliver, Evening Standard, 7 Tony awards, Drama Desk, 7 national awards of Japan, 7 awards of Canada, etc.Why is musical â€Å"Cats† so attractive for millions of people with different tastes and predilections? What makes spectators, who saw the musical once, to see it again and over again? What is â€Å"Cats†?A bit of history.Actually, text and music plays great role in triumphal success of musical. In 1931 future Nobel Prize laureate T. S. Eliot started to write fairy-tale poems about cats for his small godsons. Old Possum, as he was called by his friends, managed to invent unusual names for cats and dogs of his friends. The book was published in 1939 and from those times it remains a favourite book for children and grown-ups, being re-edited in different languages and different countries.The idea to compose music for those poems came to composer Webber already in 1977. Webber liked those wonderful stories about cats, written in amazingly musical words, from his childhood, and composed several musical compositions for his friends. Some of them were presented with success during musical festival in Sidmonton, where Valerie Eliot got acquainted with Webber.She had shown to him unpublished poems from the book, particularly, poem about Grizabelle, which stroke Webber by dramatic image (Elliot didn’t include it into his book, because he considered it too sad for small children). In such a way idea to create a big musical- theatrical composition about fantastic world of cats, which relations remind human world of passions and contradictions, appeared.Phenomena of â€Å"Cats† consists of many components, main of which, except of wonderful lyrics and charming music, are professionalism and talent of director, producer, choreographer and designer. Famous producer Cameron Mackintosh liked the idea of Webber and musical was created in extremely short terms – 15 months.Mackintosh remembers several dramatic moments of that period: how prima of musical Judi Dench got trauma before the opening night; how long and without success they tried to find sponsors; how difficult was creation of mysterious enchanting spectacle from primary chaos.Trevor Nunn tells that he likes poems of Elliot – childish poems for grown-ups, where in descriptions of definite cats you can find satirical gentle hints to their owners and to the whole English society in common. Cats are similar to us, people. They charm us, maybe because they help to understand us in their mysterious way.Book of Eliot is a collection of separate small poems, which are not connected. People, who created musical, faced a problem to unite those poems into one whole and not to loose the original idea of author. The figure of Grizabelle became the main figure of musical – serious, touching and a bit tragic.Famous aria of Grizabelle â€Å"Memory† which is known also to those who never visited â€Å"Cats†, during first 6 months only more then 7000 times was heard over British radio, and in American radio more then 1 million times. Besides, to listen to the aria 1 million times, you’ll need 5 years. â€Å"Memory† was recorder 600 times by more then 150 singers, and Barbra Streisand and Johnny Mathis are among those singers; Placido Domingo also sang in together with Natalie Cole during his world concert tour.Difficult make-up, shaggy wigs and tails create fantastic gallery of actors, and each of actors has his own character. Colored skin-tight costumes don’t bother motion, and it is very important for such choreography. Unbelievable plastics strikes as well as easiness of motion, but this is a result of many hours of rehearsals. The next difficult task was creation of scenic stage.Designer John Napier changed the hall into â€Å"a big playground for cats†, which intrigues spectators before the musical starts. You’ll not find here usual division of scene and spectator’s rows. To create cats’ world Napier changed hall into a city scrap-heap, where all objects correspond to size of cats-actors (it means, they are several times bigger their own normal size). Not only in the stage, but also in the hall huge cans and tins, ragged tires, rusty bicycle wheels and kettles, spoiled shoes, etc (besides, quantity of objects is 2500 pieces!) are thrown in â€Å"picturesque† disorder.Over a long period of time inscription on a playbill o f Broadway theater Winter Garden said: â€Å"Cats – now and forever!†. â€Å"Cats† left Broadway, earned millions of dollars and won hundred thousands of spectators’ hearts all over the world. â€Å"Cats† is an exciting combination of mystery, magic, poetry and dance – continue their triumphal procession over the worlds, winning more and more fans after each stage. â€Å"Cats† is a delightful, admirable, glorious, charming, captivating, killing, delectable musical – a real masterpiece. It is the best musical which I managed to see in this genre. â€Å"Cats† – forever!

Animal Shelters

Animal Shelters For The Win! Did you know that there are about 4 to 6 thousand animal shelters in the United States? Also did you know that there are between 8 to 12 million animals in those animal shelters? Unfortunately each year between 4 to 6 million of those animals are euthanized due to not being able to find a home. That’s almost half of the animals that enter a shelter yearly! But what If I told you that you can make change for those animals, if you can take euthanization completely off the table and that you’d be doing something good for you at the same time.You would do it right? Well then you should go adopt a pet at your local shelter. Not only will you be helping the animals but you would also benefit greatly from this. You would help save lives and also gain a new best friend. Studies have shown that more animals are euthanized than adopted at an animal shelter! So it is time for people to step up and make a difference in the world! It’s not like th e workers at an animal shelter want the animals to be euthanized, but they have no choice because many new animals come in everyday to the animal shelters all throughout the United States.I am going to convince all of you guys to adopt an animal at a local animal shelter and not at a pet store. Buying an animal at a pet store may seem like a good option, but in reality there is a better option! That option is adopting an animal at an animal shelter! Do you know what Puppy Mills are? How about Commercial Kennels? Well this is important to know because many of the animals from those pet stores are from these Puppy Mills and large commercial kennels. Puppy Mills are dog breeding facilities that put profits ahead of the welfare of dogs. Those breeders do not care about filth, disease, socialization, and overcrowding.They don't care about inbreeding or genetic defects either. They don't care about who in the world buy the puppies and also they do not care about wearing out the breeding m oms. They just care about making money. Yes I said it. Money, money, and more money. It’s a sad truth but it's the truth. On the other hand, the animals at an animal shelter are well cared for and are not forcefully bred. The people there actually care for the animals and help treat the animals who were once abused, left behind, and not cared for. Many of those working at an animal shelter usually do not get paid much or do not get paid at all.Most volunteer their time to help the animals in desperate need! They do it because they have a passion for animals. They do not care about the money, they care about the animals health, well being, and most importantly, helping the animals find a new home. There is a myth that animal shelters do not have purebred animals but that is completely untrue! That is just a rumor. If you just take time to go to your local animal shelter, I know that you can find a purebred animal. Of course it would be harder to find purebred animals, but it i s definitely not impossible.Another reason why I think adopting is a better option is that not only is there a variety of animals there, but it is also much more affordable. Did you really think that buying a pet at a pet store was cheaper? Well you are wrong! Adoption fees at an animal shelter are much lower than buying from a pet store. Adoption fees can vary by location and animal shelters, but the prices can range from being free to 250 dollars. Comparing to the prices at a pet store, many animals like dogs and cats are being sold for almost triple the price! Some are even sold for 1000 dollars! That is really expensive!This shows how the animal shelters put the animals before the money. Imagine yourself in a world, where there were no animal shelters. Only those puppy mills and large commercial kennels. Life would suck right? The population of animals would decrease tremendously and also there would be so many more animals with illnesses, diseases, and defects. Also the animals would have to continue to live life sad and suffer in pain, the rest of their life. Now, Imagine the world where everyone only adopted animals at a shelter! The world would be so much happier for the animals and the people!There would no longer be any more of those Puppy mills or large commercial kennels and there would be no more of those heartless people who forcefully breed animals for money. Life would be so much better and if the animals could talk, I know they would say something like this†¦ â€Å"I love you,† and â€Å"Thank you for saving my life. † So the next time you want to have a new pet, just remember and think back about how adopting at an animal shelter is a better option than buying from a pet store. Think about how the animals from a pet store come from puppy mills and commercial kennels.Think about how poorly the animals are treated, and how this results in the animals having serious illnesses, diseases, and genetic defects. There is a simple s olution to this problem. All you have to do is adopt from an animal shelter and not buy from a pet store! Don't forget that those people from those puppy mills and commercial kennels just breed for quantity not quality. Not persuasive enough? Be Quiet! Then you better read my persuasive speech paper again. Haha I’m just kidding. But seriously adopt your new best friend from your local shelter!

Teacher Strike Contract Negotiation Education Essay

Negotiation is acquiring what you want for yourself, household, friend or the company you work for. It produces an understanding that consequences in a solution reached by all parties involved. The declarations reached by either party may be Trade-offs. The tradeoffs are grants that either party are will to waive to run into their dialogue ends. When fixing to negociate we analyze our place, strengths, failings, BATNA, bounds, and scopes of options. When finding your BATNA ( â€Å" Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement † ) lists your options, measure your option. Contract differences and dialogues between the instructors and board members from clip to clip may acquire intense, peculiarly in difficult fiscal times. The strain of problematic dialogues can impact each individual in the school construction, from the board members to the teaching staff, pupils and their defenders. This paper will dwell of why instructors go on work stoppage, how one prepares for dialogue, the five types of power, the scheme one my utilizing during dialogue, and the procedure of the dialogue.Teacher Strike Contract NegotiationCorporate bargaining and work stoppages in peculiar, can be peculiarly troublesome among the communities in which our pupils are from, impacting the results for the school board choice. Most province legislative acts do non name for schools to dicker on issues associating to the educational policy of the school board. Negotiations may fall short to take to a fulfilled understanding between a instructors ‘ brotherhood and a school board. Once good religion attempts fail to decide the dissensions between those involved, a lawful draw occurs. At the clip the draw occurs, active bargaining between the involved parties is typically suspended. If attempts for draw declaration are unsuccessful between the instructors ‘ brotherhood and a school territory, instructors may take to strike to act upon or oblige the board to run into the demands of the brotherhood. Someplace instructors do non hold the right to strike ; province legislative acts on a regular basis enforce pecuniary or comparable punishments on those who strike illicitly. States where work stoppages are allowed in the populace sector, instructors frequently must run into several usher lines prior to the work stoppage.Why Do Teachers travel on StrikeThere are a whole batch of grounds that could take to instructors traveling on work stoppage. Lack of wage is one of the chief grounds that instructors go on work stoppage. The limited resources or suspended plans associated with the production of the schoolroom can do instructors to strike. Puting more or restricting the responsibilities of a instructor, for illustration delegating instructors the responsibility of documenting and publishing suspensions that is the duty of the principal. Prospective alterations to the lesson program that instructors do non agree with may do a work stoppage every bit good. Additional work clip or a diminution in the readying clip is another issue. Modification in the linguistic communication of the contract that could bring forth an uncertainness environing excess duties that can be assigned is another concern. There are a batch of likely arguable concerns aside from wages that might ensue in a work stoppage by a instructors brotherhood. Some even go on work stoppage due to the fact that they do n't experience they were being treated reasonably for all they do. Traveling on work stoppage is non merely about money, it is about learning environment as a whole. Striking is a method to state the board that you are non traveling to be walked all over for all that you do. A batch of instructors do more than their portion of things after school. They provide assistance pupils on their personal clip. They use a batch of their ain money to buy their pupils equipment because the school wo n't supply the resources to them. They take on many excess undertakings that the decision maker has given them despite the heavy work load that they already have ; such as planning, rating, roll uping study cards, go toing meetings, etc. .Fixing for NegotiationWhile in readying for dialogues, you should ever cognize your opposition. In some state of affairss you have come into contact with your opposition in some type of signifier or manner so it has come clip to run into face to face. ( hypertext transfer protocol: ///www.associatedcontent.com/artical/462367/rookie year_baseball_contract_of_christy.html ) During the clip the opposing sides convene, a duologue must be exchanged. The exchange needs to typify the ideas, offers, information, and grants if demands are no reached while at the bargaining tabular array. We must bear in head that first feelings do do the difference. As a consequence, the most indispensable thing to see is that you must ever stand for yourself in a respectable mode. Body linguistic communication can state more than words. ( http: //www.businessetiquettearticles.com/Art/1628/25/Your-Body-Language-Speaks-Louder-Than-Words.html ) â€Å" Successful negotiating is one portion face-to-face treatment and nine parts prep. † ( www.vtvsba.org/streaming/basicnego/basicnego.html ) Collective bargaining entails making research that is detailed, sound, and attentive. Before the board or anyone else for that affair can get down the procedure of negociating, everyone must hold a clear sense of what outcome they are seeking to make and how they plan on obtaining their ends. When fixing for dialogues, board members must look at every facet of the state of affairs at manus. Although the board may hold consulted with other members of the territory, or even province or private attorneies, inquiries refering work stoppage can considerably alter the typical guidelines for fixing to negociate. The size of the school territory will act upon the sort and degree of readying a board must finish. In a smaller territory, deficiency of formality may be the norm, and the negotiants may be familiar with one another ; presently in bigger school territories, the more hard the dialogues and planning will turn out to be. The followers are some added factors that can assist the way of the board ‘s development actions: The sum of force per unit area that exists. The board will hold to modify its attack if instructors are peculiarly hawkish, if the territory ‘s fiscal place has changed markedly, or if a work stoppage deadline is hanging over the board. Your ain attitudes. If the board is convinced it ‘s non traveling to give an inch, or if it is locked into a certain position dictated by legal or fiscal considerations, planning must be adjusted to account for managing these restrictions. The current province of employee dealingss. If employee dealingss are amicable, the grade of planning may be altered by the simple fact that there will be less to negociate. Conversely, if the decision makers, the board, and the employees have been prosecuting in a war over policy issues, be aftering attempts will hold to include a scheme for maintaining those issues off the bargaining tabular array. Teacher dialogues, countenances, and work stoppages are really much a portion of the mundane operations of public schools.A Although there are huge fluctuations throughout the state in the passion of instructor combativeness, no school construction can acquire off from the duty of reacting to the turning influence in educational decision-making.AFive Types of PowerIn instances where dialogues will be used there are five good known schemes that can be referenced? These schemes include legitimate power, wages power, coercive power, adept power, and referent power. All of the five powers have supplied the negociating squads with a benefit, throughout the negotiating patterned advance.Legitimate PowerLegitimate power is derived from the accomplishment to carry because of place. Peoples at superior degrees have power over the people beneath them. On the other manus, each individual with legitimate power implements their ain personal manner. Legitimate power is utile to dialogues in a mixt ure of ways.Reward PowerReward power can be derived from the ability to honor conformity it used to endorse up legitimate power. Potential wagess such as acknowledgment, wage rise, or farther resources to finish a occupation are promised, one may counter by reacting petitions and waies.Coercive PowerCoercive power is the contrary of reward power. It is the capableness to take something off from the nonsubjective individual or to punish the object for non-cooperation with a petition. It is the power to coerce person to make something against their will.Expert PowerAdept power is that which is used by Trade Unions when they persuade their members to strike for better wage or working conditions. It deals with the capacity to act upon others by possessing cognition or accomplishments that they value.Referent PowerReferent power is seldom called personal power. It is the power of personal appeal and celebrity. Referent power occurs when others identify with, like, or otherwise esteem the individual and is associated with magnetic leading. Additionally, there are two diverse signifiers of bargaining ; they are integrative bargaining and distributive bargaining. While faced with a dialogue, the people involved ought to be willing to happen the in-between land and utilize some of the schemes to assist with converting the other side. There are two instances that will demo how the five schemes and dickering guidelines were used to exemplify a encouraging decision in dialogues for all concerned in the procedure The negotiated understanding became the tool for school territories authorization on each status that is negotiated into the signed understanding. As a consequence, the understanding has possible deductions for all that occurs in the schoolrooms of that territory. Issues refering the transportation of instructor policies, guidelines for employee ratings, and all other contractual affairs covering with instructors all have an impact on the value of learning staff, which leads to the quality of instruction that our childs will have.Procedure in NegotiationThe development in the negotiating procedure is besides complicated to nail down since standard public communicating is non a portion of the process. The school community seldom has entree to information ; they have to wait on the school board releases the justification of how the projected declaration will impact the territory ‘s fundss. The public school environment is ever altering with new policies, engineerings and reforms. This presents a trial for each territory ‘s teacher brotherhood and school board partnership.Kenya Teacher StrikeIn an article about Kenya school instructors, more than 200,000 instructors went on work stoppage because of what they were being paid or lack thereof. The National Union of Teachers in Kenya reported that the standard wage for instructors in Kenya was $ 308 monthly, and well lower for new instructors ( Oyaro, 2009 ) . The instructors were over worked and underpaid and the schoolrooms were over crowded. There was besides a deficit of instructor due to the free tuition which besides affected the board from engaging new instructors. Because of issues such as theses the instructor decided to travel on work stoppage. The Education Minister is the dialogue maneuver of bullying ; he tried by endangering them with the loss of their places as instructors to acquire them back in the schoolrooms. This tactic did non work in this instance because the instructors knew the Minister was bluffing and could non fire them all one clip, so they called his bluff. The instructors stuck to their guns no affair what the effect was in hopes that one of their demand were met. The work stoppage lasted 10 yearss before an understanding was reached between the Kenya National Union of Teachers and the Education Minster. The understanding was achieved by utilizing integrative bargaining on behalf of the instructors. The curate agreed to increase the instructor ‘s wages ; but, it was to be done in stages and over clip. â€Å" The first wage rise of 40 % would get down in July, † he said, â€Å" with farther additions in 2010 and 2011. † In utilizing integrative bargaining, both sides leave the dialogue s satisfied ; the instructors will have the rises they demanded and the Education Minister will hold his instructors back in the schoolroom. Peoples occupied with unusual fortunes are faced with determinations that have to be made mundane. Because of the determinations made on a day-to-day footing we must trust on dialogue schemes. When we use the dialogue schemes, two key schemes come into drama ; enchantress would be the integrative and riotous bargaining. Integrative bargaining is two diverse people or parties in favour of a jointly favourable contract based on the parties ‘ benefit of coming to a win-win declaration. Disruptive bargaining is where the people involved reach a contract ensuing from the misgiving and incredulity by one party concluding in a win-lose solution.Kent Teacher StrikeTeachers have negotiated contracts which will non merely have an consequence on their ain lives every bit good as the schoolroom atmosphere. Teachers in Kent, Washington went on work stoppage when and contractual understanding could non be reached. The last straw that broke the camel ‘s dorsum was the overcrowding in th e schoolrooms fell from 29 to 26 ( Beckley, 2009 ) . The integrative bargaining scheme was used in the Kent schools survey. Although a figure of people have said that traveling on work stoppage simply hurts the community and those involved in the school system, others may challenge that this should hold been good for the pupils in the schoolroom. Because the instructors received a smaller schoolroom contract with the school territory the instructors should increase their clip spent with each pupil to travel over lessons or prep jobs. Even though the Washington school had to gestate to some of the commissariats of the instructors, the result was non taking the desperate terminals of the dialogue. This finally described Integrative bargaining. Integrative bargaining occurs when both sides reach an understanding where both parties benefit from the state of affairs and is a win-win solution.Negotiation SchemesThe dialogue attack pattern in this instance to keep the school board ‘s demand to re-look at the bounds while turn toing the issues of the stakeholders was the integrative dialogue attack which aims at aiming a win-win result for all involved in the dialogue. The word integrative translates to unite legion parts into one piece. Theoretically, this implies some coaction, or a connection of forces to achieve togetherness. Typically it employs a higher extent of assurance and the chance of a partnership. All involved may desire to walk off with a sense that they ‘ve accomplished something that has valu e by having what each wants. ( http: //www.negotiations.com/articles/negotiation-types/ ) â€Å" Integrative bargaining ( besides called â€Å" interest-based bargaining, † â€Å" win-win bargaining † ) ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.beyondintractability.org/essay/interest-based_bargaining/ ) is a dialogue attack that all involved work together to happen a â€Å" win-win † declaration to their difference of sentiment. The attack focuses on developing every bit good contracts based on the involvements of the other party involved. The Interests could incorporate the demands, wants, concerns, and uncertainties of import to the other. The above instance for the Kent, Washington school board can successfully utilize integrative bargaining to develop a most favourable result in the best involvements for all involved in the dialogue procedure. Measure one would be to sort the indispensable involvement of everyone involved, which would include the parents of the school every bit good. â€Å" The bottom line is that we need to calculate out why people feel the manner they do, why they are demanding and what they are demanding. † We besides must inquire ourselves how the other side interprets our demands. The possible effects of a contract must be analyzed, as if you were on the other squad looking at them for the first clip. After involvements are identified, the parties need to work together hand in glove to seek to calculate out the best ways to run into those involvements. Often by â€Å" brainstorming † — naming all the options anyone can believe of without knocking or disregarding anything ab initio, parties can come up with originative new thoughts for meeting involvements and demands that had non occurred to anyone earlier. The end is a win-win result, giving each side as much of their involvement s as possible, and plenty, at a lower limit that they see the result as a win, instead than a loss. † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.beyondintractability.org/essay/interest-based_bargaining/ ) As mentioned above in the inquiry that major concerns of the parents are related to quality of instruction, impact of such enlargement on belongings values, societal effects on kids due to such redrawing of limitations, increased travel clip and traversing cultural and economic boundaries. The school board can offer optimum solution in each of these countries to come out with a win-win state of affairs and convert the parents to accept the redrawing of boundaries. For illustration, sing the concern related to quality of instruction, the school governments can show facts that redrawing of boundaries will really better the quality of instruction by supplying much larger and improved substructure to pupils. Further, school can supply a program to parents that will convert parents that school has the capableness to supply highest quality of instruction even with larger figure of pupils. The school will necessitate to supply a concrete program to the parents with elaborate information about their schemes to keep quality with larger figure of pupils.DecisionNegotiation is an of import and valuable tool for deciding struggle when all parties involved have a shared committedness to making a collaborative, joint result that satisfies both parties demands and involvements. Cultural considerations play an of import function in the dialogue procedure as all of the histrions bring with them their ain specific cultural behaviours ; that is their forms of th ought, feeling, moving and most significantly, their ain set of culturally shared values. Many dialogue scenarios may affect work stoppages of some step. In the illustration of the Kent, WA instructors, the instructors were highlighted as having an understanding that was non a benefit merely to them. The benefit was besides extended out to the community and pupils to demo concern therefore finding an integrative bargaining scheme. Negotiation schemes are used by every individual and organisation on a day-to-day footing. While some may non recognize they are utilizing them, the schemes are being used in some form or signifier. I did take the advice of my teacher and equals. I watched my grammatical mistakes, added sub-topics to that the paper can hold a better flow for the readers. All in all I think this is a good paper.

Question Answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Question Answer - Essay Example They target both genders. Super bowl product category is beer, drinks, and snacks. Beer because its goes well with football. They can be able to get the latest brand and try it while watching the event. Snack is also a useful product for the case since they can take them while watching the game. Financial industry is not an adequate product category since people will be having fun, and they will not be having time for financial issues. Hence, they will not take it that serious. Autos too are not effect product since it runs all together in peoples mind (Hartmann and Klapper). Communications use some of the same purchase comparison metrics copy pretesting firms use, but gauges the ads effect on consumers who have seen them in the real world rather than forced viewing. The objective of the super bowl is to create product awareness to millions of people watching the event. There ads aims at reaching millions of people who are watching the game and make them join the new brand in the market by telling them about the positives of the product and the reason why they should not be left out. Direct sale cannot be the primary objective since it is not necessarily that the product will be brought at that particular time; it might take time before people can accept a new product. Active awareness means that the product has been on the market and as not been doing well hence trying to convince people that it is a real product. It will not be the place to convince them since you cannot convince them in a single day (Hartmann and Klapper). I do not think super bowl adverts are very efficient since it is one-day event, it will not capture people that much unlike TVs ads. In TV ads, people are repeated for sometimes making people know it better, hence want to try it. It is not effective too since its product category is limited to a particular product that go in line with the event hence it becomes bias. Creating brand awareness being primary

The NBA Lockout Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The NBA Lockout - Essay Example A labor union uses certain tools to enforce their demands such as strikes and collective bargaining with the management, while the management uses tools such as lockouts to strengthen their position in a negotiation. There are a number of causes for a lockout. A lockout can be triggered by a strike of the labor union, for example, if the strike causes loss to the organization, the management of the organization may call a lockout in order to weaken the position of the workers and the management may continue the lockout unless the workers leave the union and agree to work with the organization or the labor union ends the strike and agrees the terms of the management. In more common cases, a lockout takes place when the labor union refuses to accept the final offer made by the management of an organization in a negotiation. In such scenarios, the management calls for a lockout in order to put pressure over the workers to accept the offer of the management. The case with the NBA lockout is quite similar to the second example presented above. The NBA owners initiated the lockout after the owners proposed significant cuts in the salaries but the union of players refused to accept the offer. The contract ended before the union and the NBA owners could reach a final settlement and the scenario resulted in a lockout. From the analysis of the historical data available regarding the NBA lockouts, it has been found that the main reason behind lockouts is the failure to negotiate the salary system of the players. In some scenarios, the management agrees to accept the demands of the union as a result of the shock effect but in case of NBA the negotiations are usually stricter as compared to other organizations. In the 1998-99 NBA lockout the owners wanted to change the salary cap system of the players and sought to cut down the overall salaries of the players. The National Basketball Players Association (NBPA) refused to accept the plans of the owners and demanded for incre ases in the salaries of the players. Ultimately, the negotiations reached a dead end and a consensus could not be reached by both the sides and this scenario ended in a lockout which lasted from 1 July 1998 to 20 February 1999. The 2011 NBA lockout occurred due to a reason similar to that of the 1998-99 lockout. The last negotiations between the owners and the players took place in 2005 and both sides reached a deal before the end of the last contract. The term of the contract was six years and it was due to end on 30 June 2011. In order to enter into a fresh contract, negotiations between the owners and the players started in the beginning of 2011. The argument on the owner side was a little stricter this time because the owners presented a claim that they were not gaining enough revenue and they were bearing a loss of $300 million each year. The league proposed to reduce the salaries of the players by as much as 40% and it also proposed a modification on the salary cap of teams wh ich would result in a reduction of the salaries of the players. Such strict changes were completely unacceptable by the union which did not consider these figures equitable for the players, thus the union initiated collective bargaining with the owners. The union planned to be steadfast in its bargaining to such as extent that the director of the union, Billy Hunter, advised the players to be ready for a lockout which was expected considering the strictness on both sides of the negotiation

Law And Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Law And Society - Essay Example His programs were collectively called the New Deal. The New Deal projects by President Roosevelt suffered massive drawbacks at the courts. Most of them were frustrated by the supreme courts issuing verdicts that they were unconstitutional (Himmelberg, p19). The statues and provisions in the new deal programs that were struck down by the courts include the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which supported financially staple farmers, the National Industrial Recovery Act, which approved the cartelization of industries, and the Railroad Retirement Act. According to Leuchtenburg, these sudden changes precipitated a constitutional crisis. They posed a difficult challenge to the conventional dogma of the Supreme Court leading to a constitutional revolution (Leuchtenburg p213). Frustrated by the courts actions, President Roosevelt reacted by announcing his reorganization of the judiciary. This was infamously known as the â€Å"court packing† plan (Mannino, p293). Several writers argue that the courts struck down numerous important laws in the twentieth century. The two pertinent reasons fronted for this precedence were; the laws were hastily and poorly drafted during the emotional hundred days of Roosevelt in office and that they were badly defended in the courts. It must be noted that these two arguments were found with flaws. One law in New York drafted by the best law practitioners in United States was a casualty in this period. This reason amongst others weakened the reasoning held at that time (Leuchtenburg p234). The court packing plan, for instance, according to Leuchtenburg had frightened the courts and posed a danger to them. This to him might have had some effect relative to jurisprudence. However, the interpretation of the constitutional revolution in the 1930s is diverse. Several law scholars have cited different Court cases of the twentieth century to support their stand on which case actually represented a constitutional revolution. In this term paper, the cases West Coast Hotel vs. Parrish, argued for by Leuchtenburg and Wickard vs. Filburn argued for by Cushman will be analyzed. As a result, determine which authors interpretations of the cases amount to a revolutionary case. In the case West Coast Hotel vs. Parrish (1937), the Supreme Court judgment upheld the constitutionality of legislation on minimum wage passed by Washington State. It overturned the trials court decision that was based on the precedent of Adkins vs. Children’s Hospital (Leuchtenburg, p164). This decision is believed to have ended the era in which the Supreme Court had a penchant for quashing legislation intended at regulating enterprise. Leuchtenburg argues that, this case marked a notable divide in the history of the courts. It also had a significant consequence on the destiny of President Roosevelt Court packing plan. In addition, Elsie Parrish case prompted a constitutional revolution in the United States Supreme Court (Leuchtenburg p163). Her case appeared to be heading for defeat since for a decade; the Supreme Court had ruled that a minimum wage act for women was unlawful since it violated the liberty of contract that the Court assumptions were guaranteed by the Constitution. Against all odds, Elsie Parrish was resolute in her quest for justice. Following the precedent of Adkins, her case was never watertight in the eyes of legal practitioners. Even at the time, the finest law practition

UPMC & Highmark Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UPMC & Highmark - Assignment Example The key reason for this battle is the attempt by Highmark Inc. to acquire a financially troubled group of hospitals known as West Penn Allegheny Health System. Highmark Inc. argues that this move will significantly lower medical costs and offer efficient health care services (Scarpino, 2013). On the other hand, UPMC, which has its own insurance firm, believes that it will not continue to bolster a company that will be a direct rival to its 19 area hospitals (Scarpino, G. 2013). Therefore, UPMC has resulted to increasing charges for patients covered by Highmark. UPMC says that Highmark’s plan to shift its 41000 inpatient from UPMC to its allegedly new chain of hospitals will result into UPMC closing its Shadyside and UPMC mercy sections and laying off over 11,000 of its employees (Baumol & Blinder, 2012). Additionally, UPMC also argues that this move will make most employees change their insurance plans that are attached to their current places of employment. This will result into the lose of patients tied to Highmark. Highmark also says that since UPMC has its own insurer, then it would be of no issue if it had its own health giver network. They believe that a little competition will be beneficial to the residents of Pittsburg since they will be provided with a range of health care providers to choose from. In response to UPMC’s sentiments that it is impossible to change insurance since it is tied to employment, Highmark says that it is also difficult for the patients to abandon the doctors that they have fully trusted and build confidence in, in pursuit for new relationships (Baumol & Blinder, 2012). I feel that UPMC has been able to get their message across most effectively because they have clearly shown that Highmark is in pursuit of its own personal interests without caring about the patients and relationships that they had built with UPMC. All the counter reactions made by UPMC were in the attempt to protect their business, as most health

Analysis of Risks in Fund Investments with Focus on Mutual Funds Research Proposal

Analysis of Risks in Fund Investments with Focus on Mutual Funds - Research Proposal Example Fund investments are subject to the financial dynamics of the markets (particularly the capital markets). There are various ways of fund investment. In today’s global environment almost all fund investment strategies, even those related to the pension funds, are increasingly involving the stock markets. Since mutual fund investments are the most popular options of fund investments, there is the need to analyze the risks entailed in it, although mutual funds are based on diversified portfolio and professional management systems that aim at mitigating the risks.With the lapse of time, risks entailed in the mutual funds are surfacing (although mutual funds have always been regarded as safer options of fund investment). Over the period of investment, there are significant alterations in the risk levels associated with mutual funds. Risk shifting might be caused by ill-motivated trades of unskilled or agency-prone fund managers who trade to increase their personal compensation. Alt ernatively, risk shifting might occur when skilled fund managers trade to take advantage of their stock selection and timing abilities. Stock selection directly relates to the analysis and effects of market risks, while timing abilities relate to liquidity risk. Timely liquidation issues concerning mutual funds are an important consideration.In this context, a relative analysis with respect to hedge funds becomes significant. In this regard, changing market conditions, or in other words, market risks are again considered to be very relevant (Bollen and Whaley, 2009). In detailing the market risks, the factor of rise and fall of the stock prices manifests as equity risk. Impact of contractual incentives on delivering higher risk-adjusted returns has been researched by Massa

Critically discuss some of the ways in which a range of childrens Essay

Critically discuss some of the ways in which a range of childrens services can be shaped by the participation of children. What is the role of the practitioner in enabling participation - Essay Example Indeed, listen to young people and children can play a very important role in the planning, commissioning, and delivery of children services. One way of improving various children’s services by participation of children is, according to Foley & Leverett (2008), listening to children’s views and considering them as part of decision-making. Apparently, children are considered to have ideas and views that are unique to their experience; this means that their contribution to decision-making is critical and legitimate. For instance, in order to improve children’s educational standards and opportunities, it would be prudent to listen to their ideas and views with regards to which teaching methods they think would best work for them, what factors result in truancy and school dropouts, how to better promote inclusion of girls, how to improve attendance rates, whether or not the curriculum is relevant, and how to better ensure effective discipline and good behaviour. Further, children can also participate in improve their services through advocacy, peer representation, evaluation of services that are meant for them, use of media and publicity, managing their own institutions, for instance, schools, and analysis and development of policy (Wright et al. 2006). For this participation to be successful and useful, it is important that their involvement is directly linked to their own experience-first hand. It is the role and duty of practitioners to enable the participation of children, by directly working with them through listening and responding to their voices. Further, it is also the role of practitioners to provide favourable environments where all young children can feel safe, powerful and confident; this will ensure that the children have the space and time to express their ideas and opinion in the form that best suits them. In fact, it is

Human Factors in Aviation Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human Factors in Aviation Safety - Essay Example At the time, it received high-profile attention from the media, which covered the incident on live television (JetBlue plane, 2005; JetBlue passengers, 2005; JetBlue Airways, 2006). The purpose of this paper is to explore the human factor as it relates to this mishap. The pilot and crew are the first to become the focus of any airline mishap. Other human factors involve maintenance, traffic control and aircraft design. As noted by Wikipedia, "the ability of the flight crew to maintain situational awareness is a critical human factor in air safety" (Air Safety, 2006). A broad definition of situational awareness in flight is observing everything that happens in the immediate area and determining its importance in a complex environment. Initiation of a pilot checklist in 1937 and the relatively new concept of situational awareness have contributed to aircraft safety. Even so, pilot error is considered the most common factor of aviation crashes. Although it is often a factor in midair collisions, additional causes might be due to adverse weather conditions. Crew resource management (CRM) training is another recent effort to reduce pilot error. Terrorism has been added to the human factor list following 9/11/1001, which involved four different commerc ial aircraft (Air Safety, 2006). In the case of the 2005 JetBlue mishap, ... In fact, Robert Boser, editor of Aviation Safety.com, commended the pilot, Captain Scott Burke, who managed to stop the plane in the middle of the 12,000-foot runway at LAX without having the nose break off. The only damage to the plane was in the front wheel area and no one was injured. Because of sparks and smoke, Burke asked if there was any fire visible, but did not receive an answer from the tower. He therefore used air stairs to disembark the passengers for safety reasons (Boser, 2005). This was his response to an emergency in progress, but was there some way he could have known the problem existed before takeoff What Were the Contributing Factors What were the human factors involved in this incident and how well was the emergency handled In addition, why did it happen at all In the case of pilot error, possible factors that could be involved are alcohol use, nicotine addiction withdrawal, error in copying air traffic control clearances, or mental illness. In the JetBlue incident, the pilot and crew were exonerated of any blame and in fact were lauded. Other factors include oversights in aircraft maintenance, mistakes in air traffic control, or weaknesses in aircraft or equipment design. One question in the relatively short history of JetBlue Airlines is whether such a problem has occurred before. And if it has, what was the cause and what human factors were involved JetBlue has only been in business for six years and offers low fares and extra incentives such as live television, leather seats and wireless Internet, which are not available on other popular low-cost airlines such as Southwest. Because of the passengers' ability to watch CNN on the airline's DirectTV hook up, however, with televisions at every seat, they were able to follow the

Teresa of Avila Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Teresa of Avila - Essay Example Religious and political turbulence was everywhere; Europe was a dangerous place. That one single woman who could easily been accuses of witchcraft but for being under the protection of the Church could have made so many changes in the Carmelite Order which would have far-reaching effects even into the 21st Century is nearly a miracle in itself. What makes Teresa's life even more fascinating is the fine mind she harbored, honed and disciplined with extraordinary introspection. From her autobiography, it is clear that Teresa was rather bull-headed even at a young age. She was creative, intelligent and active; many of the ingredients for engagement of troublemaking, in which she indulged for a while, much to her later dismay. She loved books, especially those based upon saints and martyrs, which were plentiful in her house, being regularly read by her father. She developed such a passion for these stories that once, around age six or seven, she and her brother Roderigo plotted to run away to be beheaded by the Moorish people so that they could be martyred. This plan was interrupted when a family member intercepted them and brought them home. Going the other imaginative route, Teresa and her playmates engaged in building little nunneries in the garden and Teresa dreamed of being in charge of one. She later admits, though, that to actually be a nun wasn't the main goal. The death of her mother dealt a blow to a 14 year old Teresa; when she was able to comprehend the loss of her mother and what it meant, she took herself to a statue of the Holy Mother and uttered a tearful, heartfelt prayer asking the Virgin to be her mother. It would appear that these are the beginnings of an extraordinary life for a girl born in the 16th Century of Spain, where two options for women existed: arranged marriage or the convent. Early on, Teresa was well aware of her impending future and didn't care for either choice, but after a period of time engaging in typical teenage less than desirable behaviour, she was sent to an Augustinian convent school by her father, where she could mend her ways and get educated. While she immensely enjoyed the company of the good nuns, Teresa still didn't want to become one. She did, however, learn how to engage in meaningful prayer and focus on goodness and devotion to God. She was decidedly happier in the convent than in her father's house, but inwardly she still didn't love God as much as she loved her father. It appears that Teresa did not easily change her loyalties under peer pressure even then. The iron will was beginning to take form; maturity would have to catch up with it. After a year and a half in the convent, Teresa fell ill, and was taken to her sister's house in Catellanos to recover. This was a pivotal time for her, as she was forced into rest and prayer, developing the traits that would serve her so well in future tribulations. It was during this period of recovery that Teresa began reading the letters of St. Jerome (b. approx 335, died 420). Before we

An Analysis of Jane Addams’ Newer Ideals of Peace Essay Example for Free

An Analysis of Jane Addams’ Newer Ideals of Peace Essay Jane Addams, an internationally renowned advocate of peace, became devoted in serving the people for several years. She has done numerous charitable works and became a recognized leader of Progressivism in the United States of America. This movement is a political attitude favoring reform. She was also a creative writer who authored a dozen of books and over 500 articles. One of her books was entitled â€Å"Newer Ideals of Peace† which spoke about different themes about social philosophies in life, but most especially, about peace and how it could be attained. Her book redesigned the peace movement worldwide to incorporate ideals of social justice. This paper will discuss certain perspectives that will explain Jane Addams’ way of thinking. Adams was known for her numerous thoughts and arguments in Social Philosophy. In her written piece, she considered some themes such as the matter of peace and concepts such as pluralism and democracy. This also aims to criticize how Adams looked at social calamities and situations. Adams realized the human beings’ need and urge of finding out how they could bring peace into the world. One of the known world peace movement included an act to support immigrants coming from all over the world. Although several people thought of condemning the perversity of immigrants, Adams thought otherwise. In her work, she dealt with Pluralism. She suggested that pluralism should be embraced, not feared for this will also benefit to those who could be affected. It was evident that she saw the value of cultural diversity in the United States. It kept the states from being static. He added that cultural diversity could also be used to develop relations between nations. For Addams, social development insisted that all voices be heard but she believed in the power of collective intelligence to discover common cause from that diversity. According to surveys conducted regarding the immigration issue in the states, people from different parts of the world became part of the American Tribunal, so their efforts should not be ignored. By accepting these people means bringing peace and justice to the world. Multiculturalism is a part of America’s history, which is why this should not be taken for granted or given other impression. With this movement, we could develop a sense of patriotism which, according to Addams, is a significant sentiment that may be strong enough to move masses of men out of their narrow national considerations and cautions into new reaches of human effort and affection. She affirmed that patriotism is the highest form of social emotion because it is dominated by warlike impulses. The convention is quite not capable of sweeping into itself the spirit of bravery and impassiveness that belongs to modern industrial efforts, although people defend warfare because it engenders these very qualities. She argued that one’s commitment to humanity should go beyond national borders. Addams also created a definition of democracy. According to her, democracy is far beyond seeing it as a political structure. Democracy embodied a living and social morality. She envisioned democracy as an acknowledgement that the lives of citizens are connected with one another and their relationship creates a duty to comprehend the difficulties and circumstances of fellow citizens. Reciprocity of social relations is critical for providing citizens with the compassionate foundation essential to strengthen democracy. Social arrangements became experiments in the kind of democracy that Addams endeavored to promote an active social engagement. Democracy is considered as a dynamic organism that must be able to exist with the evolution of times in order to remain vital. Addams suggested that it was time for the progression of the political institution and morality of the United States. She stated that America’s founders, created the Bill of Rights which was based upon an individual logic of morality suitable for their period. On the other hand, Addams viewed social morality as the right reaction to the contemporary rise of big cities next to the enhancements in technology and transportation that brought several individuals together. The time had come to give emphasis to the social relations essential for a pulsating democracy under the existing historical conditions. Some commentators described Addams as reforming a social democracy, one that accentuates a way of being over the political construction. Addams’ valorization of democracy did not necessitate a static object of affection. Her objective was for democracy to grow and flourish which required ongoing discussion and change. Addams had written several books that addressed issues regarding peace. It was evident in her works that she kept away from discussing ideological positions. She focused on the principles of Pacifism and how the government could help bring tranquility within the states, within their people and within other nations around the globe. Her philosophy is derived from a particular social, political and historical situation. Her theoretical work was about movements of working out tangible social issues. Addams envisioned democracy, social justice and peace as mutually reinforcing. These concepts, according to her, had to advance and move together to achieve any one. These concepts remained apparent with all of her literary works and articles. The ideals of justice were given other sides that lead to reshaping peace movement. When dealing with the matters of war around the globe, Addams pointed out several things that individuals should consider in order to embrace tranquility. She made it very clear that she saw peace as more than the absence of war. For Addams, peace represented a chance for social development because individuals were proficient of working simultaneously in order to accomplish social objectives. She viewed social evolution as developing in the direction of greater peaceful affairs and social synchronization. Collective peace was tied to individual peaceful relations such that common activism represented peace labors. On of the examples of this situation which was given by Addams involved the issue of the immigrants. Helping immigrants prosper in the United States was an act of serenity. In this manner, given her obligation to democratic social advancement achieved through combined commitment in an attempt to promote sympathetic knowledge, Addams found out and stated that war is socially regressive. When war is fought with arms, it ends coherent and dispassionate conversations impeding the agreement necessary for social growth. War makes opposing human beings into ultimate others creating the antithesis of sympathetic knowledge. Those beings were considered as someone so alien that it is possible to be terminated. Sympathetic knowledge is an experience which is imaginatively extrapolated. This concept was also visible in several of Addams’ books. This kind of knowledge was a rational effort to comprehend with other individuals. Sympathetic Knowledge belonged to a certain category in Social Philosophy in which Addams never failed to state in his books. Even though she used this with different issues, the significance remained the same. Addams also suggested social activism as the foundation that should be rallied around. Addams challenged her readers to visualize heroism in the work of social activists to improve the lives of those living within the urban zone. Engaging to social activity would be beneficial to the advancement of the states, development of the humanity and would also result to the occurrence of peace. Without the voices of individuals, nothing could change and all will remain frightened and repressed. Jane Addams saw different possibilities and chances that peace could still be attained if individuals would find a way to move together as one nation. She believes that the power to change and progress is within the hands of individuals who are willing to be involved with social activities and social awareness movement. The Newer Ideals of Peace contained somehow positive reactions toward maintain peace and orderliness. Addams probably wanted to give another approach to maintain harmony within individuals. By including different issues and situations that the nation has, Addams made a better and simpler understanding of pacifism. The author did not fail to give justice to her contemporary views. Although other commentators, like George Mead saw few points that the book lacks knowledge of, Adams surely made another break in the history of America. Her works were full of ideals which were deeply rooted within the foundations of the problems. Many of what she stated could be applicable to the nation’s settings. If individuals would learn to understand, communicate and see things positively, then that would be the time when peace and harmony could be attained.

Industrial Training Report

Industrial Training Report Department Of Civil Engineering Industrial Training Report REINFORCEMENT Reinforcement is used to take tensile force and as well as compressive force. Only reinforcement bars carry tensile stress where compressive stress is carried by both reinforcement bars and concrete depending on the situation carry load. Normally steel bar is used as reinforcement because it has enough strength and steel bars are available at required strength with fair cost. In early days wooden bar also was used for this purpose. Concrete is weak in tension and strong in compression. Reinforcement is provided to enhance the moment carrying capacity of structure. Tor steel bars are used as reinforcement material at our site. T-32, T-25, T-20, T-16 and T-10 bars which are imported from Singapoor, Malasiya and local product also and length of 6m and 12m, are used in our site. The reinforcement is laid according to the structural drawings. After that the following checks are done. Spacing Diameter type of bars No of stirrups No of links Lap length Starter bars if needed Cover blocks Covering Regular binding of bars together Placement of tension compression bars If there are any construction joints, they should be chipped and cleaned to bond properly. INDICATION OF REINFORCEMENT IN DRAWING Engineering drawings is a language of communication of details. Therefore there is a standard to indicate reinforcement in drawing such as 6T16-101-8 B or T This means that ‘6’- No of bars ‘T’ Indicate tor steel ‘16’- Indicate the diameter of the bar in mm ‘101’- Indicate the bar mark ‘8’- Indicate the distance between two bars in inches ‘T’- Indicate the position of the bar (top bar) ‘B’ Indicate the position of the bar (bottom bar) BAR BENDING WORK Bar bending is carried by machinery method and manual. For minor works it was done manually with the help of cutting lever. Skilled bar benders are involved in this process. The bar bender do his job according to bar schedule which is given to him. It includes Size type of bar Number of bar Dimensions Bending length Crank length position Shape of bar Bar mark Name type of structural member Place Grids between those grids it is used For transferring the stress at the end of bars have to be welded or lapped at the end. The lap should not be less than the anchorage length. The minimum length of lap in tension and compression is 45 times of diameter of the bar. The types and numbers of bars are planed earlier and cut. Sufficient numbers of stirrups are also made by bar benders. Before placing the steel bars, they are cleaned well. Lap length – 45 times of bar diameter Anchorage length – 40 times of bar diameter Stirrup anchorage length – 10 times of bar diameter Diameter of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦ 45 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦ Figure 7.1: Lapping of Bars PLACING OF REINFORCEMENT All reinforcement should be placed in correct positions as shown in drawing. It should not be allowed to move when concreting. Cover blocks are used to place reinforcement bars with cover. Cover blocks are made up of 1:3 cement sand mortars. Cover blocks are not removed after concreting and it is important element. Its’ strength should not be less than to strength of concrete. Sizes of cover blocks vary according to the structural members. The cover block thickness of, slab is 25mm, beam, column, lift wall retaining wall are 30mm and shoring side water retaining structures are 40mm. When beams are bound it is kept out of the pit of beam for the easy of work. First top bars of beam and stirrups are bound. Then other bars are inserted and bound. While reinforcement of beam is brought down after finishing the work, very nicely it is get down without affecting the formwork. Usually for all structural members lap is not allowed at a same level for all bars. And alternative bars having laps at a same level. But columns have laps at a same level because of difficulties of binding of long bars and reinforcement is crowded at the junction of beam and column. Lap is avoided at critical position of tension and compression. SCHEDULE OF BARS Schedule of bars gives the number of bars required in each type for a reinforcement network. By having bar schedule following advantages can be achieved. Time saving in the reinforcement work Amount of steel required can be exactly calculated. So purchase in excess or high transport cost can be avoided. Wasting of cut off pieces can be reduced give more efficiency as reinforcements are expensive. Laps occurring in tension portion can be avoided. Bar benders can easily understand. Easy to handle at site. While we make a bar schedule we should know about the tension and compression how to acting on the member. And lap should not be allowed to be in the tension portion and critical compression portion also. When we are doing schedule for slab if part of slab is finished for the balance work we take site measurement for required length of reinforcement. The typical lap position for beam is shown below: SLAB Slab is a kind of plate, which can carry loads. Basically slabs are divided in to two types as one-way spanning slab and two-way spanning slab. Depending on the type of slab the amount of reinforcement, which placed to resist the moments, is different. Most probably slabs are reinforced only for tension and compression is supported by concrete. Usually for middle of slab reinforcement is placed at bottom and edge (near the beam or supports) of slab reinforcement is placed at top. But basement floor slab reinforcement is placed in opposition way. Therefore middle of slab reinforcement is at top and edge (around the beam) of slab reinforcement is at bottom. Between the top bar and bottom bar of the slab should be maintained while concreting it may be disturbed due to load which is the load of workers, instrument and concrete flow pipe. Overall reinforcement cover is checked by leveling instrument. To keep the space between those two bars space bar is used. BEAM Beam is the load-transferring member building, which transfer load from slab to column. In the beams tension is supported by reinforcement and compression is supported by concrete and reinforcement. In most occasions, middle of beam undergoes sagging moment and beam nearby support undergoes hogging moment. For supporting the higher tension, additional tension bars are inserted at bottom of middle and top of edge therefore nearby support. But basement floor reinforcement is in the opposition way. For basement floor beams additional tension bars are inserted at top of middle and bottom of nearby pile caps. While bars are bound to the beam space between two bars should not be less than 1.5 times bar diameter. This minimum space is required for, to form an enough bonding between reinforcement concrete and to minimize the damage while impact load is applied on the beam reinforcement take dynamic movement. COLUMN Column is the main member to transfer the load to foundation. Column is mainly designed for carrying the compression. But it is designed to support the moment also while considering the eccentricity and side force therefore wind load. In column compression is carried by concrete and reinforcement. Column reinforcement is mainly designed for support the compression and small amount of tension that is caused by moment. For large size bars (T 32, T25, etc.) lap is held at same level. Due to the handling problem and if the lap is in the junction of column and beam concreting is very difficult some time huney homb may occur. Column typical lap is shown in the figure 7.4. Probably most of columns reinforcements are symmetrical about two axes. First when bars are bound verticality of bar is maintained. SECTIONAL VIEW Stair case   Stair case is same as slab reinforcement. Therefore tension reinforce is provided at bottom and at the edges tension reinforcement is provided at top. Here in addition to slab some tension reinforcement is provided junctions. STIRRUP Stirrup is main element in supporting the shear force. If we consider column, stirrups are used for to hole the vertical bar together. Due to load column mar bulk in this situation cracks may appear in vertical direction. Without happening bulk stirrups bound the column. In the beam, there is more probability to happen the shear failer because it transfer load horizontally. Beam is not a continuous element that is the compound of cement, sand, aggregate and reinforcement. These elements are bound by bond, which may fail in transferring the shear stress. Of cause we use stirrups to carry out the shear stress for beams and columns. In our site stirrups are made by bar bending machine. Stirrup shape is shown in the figure 7.6 Industrial Training Report Industrial Training Report INTRODUCTION In this duration 20/4/2009 until 2/10/2009, I had been assigned to a company name SILVERLAKE SYSTEM SDN BHD, which is located at LEVEL 2A KPMG TOWER FIRST AVENUE, BANDAR UTAMA 47800 PETALING, SELANGOR to complete my internship. On the 1st day, I have been brief by their staffs at there about the rules of company and how their organization works. After that, we had assigned to follow different supervisors and department. I had been assigned to clients side which is at KWSP building under team LEGAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (LMS). On the 2nd day, I have to go there to continue my internship until 2/10/2009. Basically, my team at KWSP building is handling about a website name legal/panel that can let users/employees to perform their tasks. Those tasks are like approve, assign, and reject, accept case; work with case status, criminal, civil, court action; perform some calculation fees, date; some reports for review and etc. My team have 4 senior staffs and me 1 trainee. They had briefly told me how they perform their tasks and teach me a lot of knowledge about working. Software Exposure (software used, projects or assignments completed) During this industry training, I had used some software to do my tasks and projects. Example of software, iseries Navigator, IBM RPGLE software, Legal System, XML generator, SCITE version 1.63, Microsoft word, Microsoft excel, Microsoft power point and hotmail (email). They had taught me how to use some software that I dont know, so that I can do my tasks. Following, I will briefly describe how I use the software to do my tasks. iSeries Navigator I briefly describe iSeries Navigator is a powerful graphical interface to easily work with the iSeries server. To use iSeries Navigator, we need to have server connections that connect to the environments of our work. So we need a login ID and password to login to the environments, after we login, there will be a list of functions that we can use for perform our tasks. Example of functions like, security, network, databases, backup and etc, all those functions still have sub functions like run SQL script and etc. In here, I had been assigned some tasks on write SQL statements by using SQL Performance Monitor which is sub function of Databases tasks. This function can allows us to keep track of the resources that SQL statements use. Basically, I using this software to run some SQL statements, retrieve some useful data records to do reference, update, insert or delete some data records in the database. Example like update users details, insert new users details, for checking purpose an d etc. IBM RPGLE software This is complex software that about back end system and also related to database. I didnt learn this software before so they have to teach me more about this software and some useful commands to do my tasks. Example of the useful or important commands like dspff= display file fields, call function, and etc. This software is related to database, back end system and is very important, so they just teach me some simple and basic commands to retrieve some data, information for me to refer. I usually use this software to retrieve some useful information from database. For example, after I enter some command like dspff lg8068i (files name), then the system will show out the fields name, length, position and text of the file we choose. This mean if we change the interface of the modules, example like want to add more fields or update something, then we have to use tis system to add the fields that we need. Example like we wan modify the text fields length, we also need to modify using this system, change the length of the text that we want. After do any changes, then we have to generate the XML file again and replace it to the server. When generate XML file, we also have to refer the information from here. Legal System Actually it is system software of a web page, this system include screen display like views, pages, menus and etc; Scripts like javascripts, VBscripts; system customisation, system maintenance, user password validate and etc. All of these are use to build the EPF web page that we using now. This system software can let us create webpage, example like create buttons, textbox, dropdownlist, and write coding like javascripts,VBscripts, SQL query and etc. I had been assigned to write some javascript code for example some functions, event those things during my industri training. For example, I had to use this software to write some code to create a function for a dropdownlist to perform certain events. After select the value from dropdownlist, the function will perform some action according to the value that we select, for example, enabled a text field for us to modify and update the information or display some information that we need. Im also writing the coding for others functions, ex ample like if-else statement, display, get value and etc. Besides that, this system software also can let us maintain users detail for example users password, report maintenance. There is a part name maintenance view page for us to create, write or modify our coding and also test our coding or find error. After all had done, then save it in this system, then we can go the related page to test the function that we did just now. XML Generator XML Generator is software that can let us generate XML file, XML was designed to transport and store data, with focus on what data is. XML document is a string of characters. This XML Generator is done by that staffs who works at here. The XML file is save as notepad format, so we can edit it by using notepad. When we need to generate a XML file for a module, we need to login to RPGLE system to retrieve the data attribute from related table, for example like data field, length, data type and etc, and then copy the whole table to notepad and save it. After that, copy the notepad file to source folder of XML generator. After that, we can key in the request name, transaction code, action code, input field file, un-repeated field file, repeated field file and etc. After complete build, we need to replace this XML file for the old XML file in the server. There will be an interface of XML generator software at appendix part. We need to generate again the XML file if we had change data type ; field or data attribute in the database, for example, add more data field, or like changed the field length of some data. After finish doing this, then had to doing testing on the field that we had modify or added. For example, we had change the data field length of description field, and then we need to test whether the field length can store the data that we had already set. XML basically is use for web services, parse data, and store data. SciTE version 1.63 SciTE is software that we using here for write coding. SciTE have the feature of automatic syntax styling and it can hold multiple files in memory at one time but only one file will be visible. There are two panes in SciTE, the editing pane and the output pane. The output pane is located either to the right of the editing pane or below it. SciTE can perform commands to compile or run source files with the output from these commands directed into the output pane. SciTE currently is able to syntax style these languages: C++, C#, javascript, HTML and etc. We using this software to write those coding for example like javascript, SQL scripts, and others coding. We are using this software because it support many programming language and also have automatic syntax styling. Besides that, this software also can let us easily write our coding for example like it can let us easily control the alignment of coding and have coding line calculation; find and search function. All these functions can let us write coding with more efficient and effective. Microsoft word It is a useful software and is using for documentation tasks. I using Microsoft word to do documentation about print screen of all the modules or sub modules of the system, then briefly explain what is the condition and name of each of the modules. This documentation is done for users to let them understand the condition of those modules and how to perform their task by using those modules in the system. Besides that, merge field also done by Microsoft word, after insert merge field, we can show those information from database. Press alt+f9 will show the coding that hidden and we can modify and update it. Microsoft Excel I use Microsoft excel to write SQL Statements. They give me some task like write SQL scripts, they will give me all the information that I need to update and I will write my SQL scripts like update statement in excel. Actually write in excel is for backup purpose. Microsoft Power Point I am using this software to do some power point slide for user. In this power point slide, I have included some diagram example like activity diagram, and some flow diagram. I also using power point to show the flow of those activities, follow step by step and sequence so that the user can understand how the flow of activities go. Hotmail (E-Mail) My team was doing a project on sending inform email to users so they use my e-mail for testing purpose. I using my email to test the system is it will send a correct email to the user after doing some action; accept any case, any status changes or etc in the system. I have to check is it the information of the email that send to my mail is accurate when refer to the task that I had did in the module of the system. For example, I have to check the information like employees no, name, case files no, date and etc is it same with the case that I perform those tasks. After I perform some tasks, it will send an e-mail to my hotmail to inform me those latest update. Hardware Exposure (software used, projects or assignments completed) During this industry training, I have been provided a desktop with specification pentium[r] 4 cpu, 3.06GHz, 1 GB ram and 80GB hard disk. Besides that, there is a share printer that can let us use for print documents. Environment Exposure (e.g. working relationship with colleagues, clients, management, etc) During this whole industri training, I was assigned to KWSP building to continue my training. The location of KWSP building is around Masjid Jamek, I always go work by taking LRT from Wangsa Maju, so it is very convenient. The environment of the KWSP is very good and also provides us a lot of good facilities. Besides that, the working environment is also very clean and comfortable. There are 4 trainees including me that had been assigned to KWSP building to continue our training. All of us had been assigned to different departments and do our tasks according to our team. For example, main task for BDS team is about database and our LEGAL team is about front-end like SQL, retrieve data show to user. My team need to communicate with users (workers) from KWSP because we need to get feedback from them about our system that performs tasks for them. So our team got a good relationship with those users from KWSP to make sure that the systems can perform tasks successfully without errors. Co lleagues in my team are very good and friendly. After they giving me some tasks to do, they will explain to me how to do and also teach me if I dont know how to do. When I got some problems or errors, they will teach me how to find those errors and teach me how to solve those problems. They always teach me a lot of useful knowledge about working and guide me when I had some problems. I really had learnt a lot of knowledge and gain a lot of working experience from them. Conclusion Finally I had finished my industry training in this semester and now is already started a new semester to continue study. During my training semester, I really had learnt a lot of knowledge from my colleagues and some working experience from them. I am glad to become their trainee because they really teach me a lot and when I got facing some problems, they willing to teach me how to solve it or help me to solve those errors. This industry training really provides a lot of benefits for me. During this training, I had a chance to learning from them while working, besides that, I also know more about the working environment at outside. Other than gain knowledge about the programming language from my working place, I also learn more about teamwork from them. In working environment, work as a team is important for complete a project, so teamwork is important for working. Working is not same as study, in working environment; we need to have a good communication skill because when working, communications between employees or clients are very important. I really learnt a lot of extra knowledge from my colleagues during my industry training, I really appreciate it and thanks for them in teaching me and guide me along this whole training. Besides that, I also thanks college for provide us a industry training so that we can learnt some knowledge and working experience before we going out for the real working environment. These really help us a lot in our future when we are ready for working. Appendix(Monthly Reports) KOLEJ TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING (FROM 21/4/08 TO 4/10/08) STUDENTS MONTHLY REPORT Please tick ( ÃÆ'- ) or specify your answer where required. 1. Report For The Month Of : (ÃÆ'- ) Apr ( ) May ( ) Jun ( ) Jul ( ) Aug ( ) Sep ( ) Oct 2. Student Details Name : ONG KAR CHUN Course : (ÃÆ'- ) AIA ( ) AIB ( ) AIT Telephone No. : 012-6514834 College Supervisor : Ms. TAN LAY AIK 3. Company Details Company Name : Silverlake System Sdn Bhd Telephone No. : 03-7721 6002 Location of Training : Level 2A, KPMG Tower, First Avenue, Bandar Utama, 47800 Petaling Utama, Selangor. Company Supervisor : Ms. CHIN YEN LING Supervisor‘s designation : ______________________________________________________ Allowance : RM 600 Accommodation provided? : ( ) Yes (ÃÆ'- ) No 4. Feedback Is the training beneficial? : (ÃÆ'- ) Yes ( ) No Suggestions: 5. Monthly Progress Report Nature of Work (tick all that apply): ( ) Programming ( ) Networking (ÃÆ'- ) Support () Others Give a brief description of the work/assignment done during the month breakdown by week. Week 1 (From 20-4-09 to 24-4-09 ) On the first day, I have been brief about the training rules and regulations of the company. Then they start assign us into a team in different department. I have been assign to collection department. On the next day, I have been assign to client side which is in KWSP company to continue my training. My department is work with Legal System(LMS), they brief and teach me about how the system work. They give me a documentation to read and understand how to use the system. Week 2 (From 27-4-09 to 30-4-09 ) I was been called back to the main company for this week. The first day, they given the task to prepare documentation for the screen of the ODBC bank project. The project is builded by RPGLE and they teach me how to retrieve data from it. Then I needed to capture the sample screen and arrange it in the standard format of documentation. The following days , I been assigned a new task for testing the legal module of the KWSP project which builded by eTP. I need to test the system like an end-user to see whether the system can perform all those functions or not. They also give me a list to check the system see whether got miss out any important fields or functions. Date: 4-5-09 _ Signature: _______________ (ONG KAR CHUN) KOLEJ TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING (FROM 21/4/08 TO 4/10/08) STUDENTS MONTHLY REPORT Please tick ( ÃÆ'- ) or specify your answer where required. 1. Report For The Month Of : ( ) Apr ( ) May (ÃÆ'- ) Jun ( ) Jul ( ) Aug ( ) Sep ( ) Oct 2. Student Details Name : ONG KAR CHUN Course : (ÃÆ'- ) AIA ( ) AIB ( ) AIT Telephone No. : 012-6514834 College Supervisor : Ms. TAN LAY AIK 3. Company Details Company Name : Silverlake System Sdn Bhd Telephone No. : 03-7721 6002 Location of Training : Level 2A, KPMG Tower, First Avenue, Bandar Utama, 47800 Petaling Utama, Selangor. Company Supervisor : Ms. CHIN YEN LING Supervisor‘s designation : ______________________________________________________ Allowance : RM 600 Accommodation provided? : ( ) Yes (ÃÆ'- ) No 4. Feedback Is the training beneficial? : (ÃÆ'- ) Yes ( ) No Suggestions: 5. Monthly Progress Report Nature of Work (tick all that apply): (ÃÆ'- ) Programming ( ) Networking (ÃÆ'- ) Support () Others Give a brief description of the work/assignment done during the month breakdown by week. Week 1 (From 1-6-09 to 5-6-09 ) Last week I had learned and write some SQL statements for the program to retrieve data from the database. So this week, I continue doing my work on SQL statements. In this task, I am using a program name SQL analysis to check whether my SQL statements is correct and can retrieve data from database. By using this program, we can update and check the data in the database that we want. So in this week, they give me a task to update those selected data in the database by using this program. Besides that, I also have to retrieve those selected data from database and check whether those data are correct. Week 2 (From 8-6-09 to 12-6-09 ) At last week, they already teach me how to generate XML files. We need to generate again the XML file if we had change data type, field or data attribute in the database, for example, add more data field, or like changed the field length of some data. They are using the RPGLE system to add data field or change those datas field length for a table. So after they had done any changed to the table, we had to generate again the related XML file by using the XML generator. After generate again the new XML file will be replace the old XML file and store it in the server so that the interface of the web page will be changed too. After finish doing this, then had to doing testing on the field that we had modify or added. For example, we had change the data field length of description field, and then we need to test whether the field length can store the data that we had already set. Week 3 (From 15-6-09 to 19-6-09 ) In this week, they teach me how to find out what are those errors and see the error occur in which data field. In the server, there was a folder store the trace file that can let us know what is the related attribute included when we perform an event by clicking a button. This trace file is keep trace the event that we perform according to the users ID that we use for testing. In this trace file, we can know which field had occurred errors, for example we had key in the information in the field and we found that got error occur when we try to save it. If this happened, we can go trace file and find out which data field had occurred error. This is very useful because we can easily and quickly find out the field that had occurred error and can fix it. Every time we click a button for example like save, next confirm and others, then the trace file will keep track what is the data included and where the data store. Week 4 (From 22-6-09 to 30-6-09 ) In this week, I do the same tasks like what had I done last 3 weeks. After they did any change for example like add new data attribute or modify data attribute like length, then I had to generate again the related XML file and replace the old XML file and store it into the server. After that, I will do the testing for the part that already changed, test whether it can perform correctly and no error occurred. If got error, then I had refer to the trace file that store in the server to find out what is the error and which related field occurred the error. If I cant solve the error, then I had to ask them for help and teach me how to solve it. This is the time that I learned from them while solving the problem. Date: 30-6-09 _ Signature: _______________ (ONG KAR CHUN) KOLEJ TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING (FROM 21/4/08 TO 4/10/08) STUDENTS MONTHLY REPORT Please tick ( ÃÆ'- ) or specify your answer where required. 1. Report For The Month Of : ( ) Apr ( ) May (ÃÆ'- ) Jun ( ) Jul ( ) Aug ( ) Sep ( ) Oct 2. Student Details Name : ONG KAR CHUN Course : (ÃÆ'- ) AIA ( ) AIB ( ) AIT Telephone No. : 012-6514834 College Supervisor : Ms. TAN LAY AIK 3. Company Details Company Name : Silverlake System Sdn Bhd Telephone No. : 03-7721 6002 Location of Training : Level 2A, KPMG Tower, First Avenue, Bandar Utama, 47800 Petaling Utama, Selangor. Company Supervisor : Ms. CHIN YEN LING Supervisor‘s designation : ______________________________________________________ Allowance : RM 600 Accommodation provided? : ( ) Yes (ÃÆ'- ) No 4. Feedback Is the training beneficial? : (ÃÆ'- ) Yes ( ) No Suggestions: 5. Monthly Progress Report Nature of Work (tick all that apply): (ÃÆ'- ) Programming ( ) Networking (ÃÆ'- ) Support () Others Give a brief description of the work/assignment done during the month breakdown by week. Week 1 (From 1-6-09 to 5-6-09 ) Last week I had learned and write some SQL statements for the program to retrieve data from the database. So this week, I continue doing my work on SQL statements. In this task, I am using a program name SQL analysis to check whether my SQL statements is correct and can retrieve data from database. By using this program, we can update and check the data in the database that we want. So in this week, they give me a task to update those selected data in the database by using this program. Besides that, I also have to retrieve those selected data from database and check whether those data are correct. Week 2 (From 8-6-09 to 12-6-09 ) At last week, they already teach me how to generate XML files. We need to generate again the XML file if we had change data type, field or data attribute in the database, for example, add more data field, or like changed the field length of some data. They are using the RPGLE system to add data field or change those datas field length for a table. So after they had done any changed to the table, we had to generate again the related XML file by using the XML generator. After generate again the new XML file will be replace the old XML file and store it in the server so that the interface of the web page will be changed too. After finish doing this, then had to doing testing on the field that we had modify or added. For example, we had change the data field length of description field, and then we need to test whether the field length can store the data that we had already set. Week 3 (From 15-6-09 to 19-6-09 ) In this week, they teach me how to find out what are those errors and see the error occur in which data field. In the server, there was a folder store the trace file that can let us know what is the related attribute included when we perform an event by clicking a button. This trace file is keep trace the event that we perform according to the users ID that we use for testing. In this trace file, we can know which field had occurred errors, for example we had key in the information in the field and we found that got error occur when we try to save it. If this happened, we can go trace file and find out which data field had occurred error. This is very useful because we can easily and quickly find out the field that had occurred error and can fix it. Every time we click a button for example like save, next confirm and others, then the trace file will keep track what is the data included and where the data store. Week 4 (From 22-6-09 to 30-6-09 ) In this week, I do the same tasks like what had I done last 3 weeks. After they did any change for example like add new data attribute or modify data attribute like length, then I had to generate again the related XML file and replace the old XML file and store it into the server. After that, I will do the testing for the part that already changed, test whether it can perform correctly and no error occurred. If got error, then I had refer to the trace file that store in the server to find out what is the error and which related field occurred the error. If I cant solve the error, then I had to ask them for help and teach me how to solve it. This is the time that I learned from them while solving the problem. Date: 30-6-09 _ Signature: _______________ (ONG KAR CHUN) KOLEJ TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING (FROM 21/4/08 TO 4/10/08) STUDENTS MONTHLY REPORT Please tick ( ÃÆ'- ) or specify your answer where required. 1. Report For The Month Of : ( ) Apr ( ) May ( ) Jun (ÃÆ'- ) Jul ( ) Aug ( ) Sep ( ) Oct 2. Student Details Name : ONG KAR CHUN Course : (ÃÆ'- ) AIA ( ) AIB ( ) AIT Telephone No. : 012-6514834 College Supervisor : Ms. TAN LAY AIK 3. Company Details Company Name : Silverlake System Sdn Bhd Telephone No. : 03-7721 6002 Location of Training : Level 2A, KPMG Tower, First Avenue, Bandar Utama, 47800 Petaling Utama, Selangor. Company Supervisor : Ms. CHIN YEN LING Supervisor‘s designation : ______________________________________________________ Allowance : RM 600 Accommodation provided? : ( ) Yes (ÃÆ'- ) No 4. Feedback Is the training beneficial? : (ÃÆ'- ) Yes ( ) No Suggestions: 5. Monthly Progress Report Nature of Work (tick all that apply): (ÃÆ'- ) Programming ( ) Networking (ÃÆ'- ) Support () Others Give a brief description of the work/assignment done during the month breakdown by week. Week 1 (From 1-7-09 to 10-7-09) In this week, they are giving me a task about documentation. All I have to do is print screen all the modules or sub modules of the system and paste those capture screens in Microsoft word. After that, I have to briefly explain what is the condition and name of each of the modules. This documentation is do for users to let them understand the condition of those modules and how to perform their task by using those modules in the system. I have to briefly explain the steps, what those conditions are, and what the modules can perform. I also have to briefly explain the selections or actions that the modules have. Actually this documentation is do for those users to understand what is the use of the modules and how they can perform their task like key in details, date, and other information by using the system. Week 2 (From 13-7-09 to 17-7-09) In this week, they teach me how to use the software, name iSeries Navigator. This is software that can connect to our server and it is also link to database. In this software, there is many function that related to network, databases, file system, backup, and some basic operations. They briefly explain to me about what those important functions are and what the purpose of doing those functions. After that, they giving me a task to do, it is about run Sql script and retrieves and check data. The first step I have to do is write my Sql script in excel according to the condition that I need. After that, they give me a condition and i have to write update and insert Sql script in excel. After finish write, I have to make sure that those Sql statement is correct before run the Sql script. When run Sql script, if got any errors, we can refer to the error messages and fix it. The purpose of doing the Sql script in excel is because we need to do a backup copy of the Sql script that we write or modify. Beside that, we also can use tis software to run some Sql statement to retrieve or check data that we need. In this week, I have learn more about the back end system which is RPG system SiPFS batch menu, I had learn this last few weeks ago, but this week is learn more command and know more about the system. Example of the useful or important commands like dspff= display file fields, call, and etc. After I enter some command like dspff lg8068i(files name), then the system will display the file fields from the library that store the file. For example the system will show out the fields name, length, position and text of the file we choose. The system will show all the fields name, length, position and text definition that using in the module. This mean if we change the interface of the modules, example like want to add more fields or update something, then we have to use tis system to add the fields that we need. Example like we wan modify the text fields length, we also need to modify using this system, change the length of the text that we want. After do any changes, then we have to gener ate the XML file again and replace it to the main server. Week 3 (From 20-7-09 to 24-7-09) Week 4 (From 27-7-09 to 31-7-09) In this week, I am doing testing on what we had done for this month. I am testing the part of sending inform email to users. I testing the system is it will send a correct email to the user after doing some action; accept any case, any status changes or etc in the system. I using my email to do this testing, so it is easy for me to refer to what had I done in the system. They give me some condition to test, after accept any case or information in the module, it will be send a information email to my hotmail, so I can check is it the correct email that we need. I have to check is it the information of the email that send to my mail is accurate when refer to the task that I had did in the module of the system. I have to check the information like employees no, name, case files no, date and etc is it same with the case that I perform those tasks. If got any errors and problems, I